As filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on August 10, 2023

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

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FORM F-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

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Jinxin Technology Holding Company
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

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Not Applicable
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

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Floor 8, Building D, Shengyin Building, Shengxia Road 666
Pudong District, Shanghai 201203
People’s Republic of China
+86 21-5058-2081
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

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Cogency Global Inc.
122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor
New York, NY 10168
(800) 221-0102

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

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Copies to:

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Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: as soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box. ☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

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†        The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting any offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where such offer or sale is not permitted.

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS (Subject to Completion)
Dated             , 2023

American Depositary Shares

Jinxin Technology Holding Company

Representing              Ordinary Shares

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This is an initial public offering of American depositary shares, or ADSs, representing ordinary shares of Jinxin Technology Holding Company. We are offering a total of            ADSs. Each ADS represents            of our ordinary shares, par value US$0.00001428571428 per share.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for the ADSs or our ordinary shares. We anticipate the initial public offering price per ADS will be between US$            and US$            . We intend to apply for the listing of the ADSs representing our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Global Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “            .” This offering is contingent upon the final approval from Nasdaq for the listing of our ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market. There is no guarantee or assurance that our ADSs will be approved for listing on the Nasdaq Global Market. We will not proceed to consummate this offering if Nasdaq denies our listing.

Jinxin Technology Holding Company is a Cayman Islands holding company with no business operations and not a Chinese operating company. It conducts its China-based operations through its PRC subsidiary, or the WFOE, a consolidated variable interest entity, or the VIE, and the VIE’s subsidiaries. However, we and our shareholders do not have any equity interests in the VIE as current PRC laws and regulations restrict and impose conditions on direct foreign investment in companies that engage in certain services, such as value-added telecommunication services. As a result, we operate a significant portion of our businesses in China through certain contractual arrangements with the VIE. This structure allows us to be considered the primary beneficiary of the VIE for accounting purposes, which serves the purpose of consolidating the financial results of the VIE in our consolidated financial statements under generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”). This structure also provides investors with exposure to foreign investment in such companies. As of the date of this prospectus, these contractual arrangements have not been tested in a court of law in the PRC. The VIE is owned by certain nominee shareholders, not us. The majority of nominee shareholders are also shareholders of our company. For a summary of such contractual arrangements, see “Corporate History and Structure — Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and Its Shareholders.” Investors in the ADSs are purchasing equity securities of a Cayman Islands holding company rather than equity securities of our subsidiaries and the VIE. Investors may never directly hold equity interests in the VIE under the current PRC laws and regulations. As used in this prospectus, “we,” “us,” “our company,” “our” or “Jinxin Technology” refers to Jinxin Technology Holding Company and its subsidiaries, and, in the context of describing our consolidated financial information, business operations and operating data, the consolidated VIE. We refer to Shanghai Jinxin Network and Technology Limited as the VIE in the context of describing their activities and contractual arrangements with us.

Our corporate structure involves unique risks to investors in the ADSs. In 2021 and 2022, substantially all of our revenues were derived from the VIE. If the PRC government deems that our contractual arrangements with the VIE do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change in the future, the legality and enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIE could be affected, which could subject us to material penalties or force us to relinquish our interests in those operations or otherwise significantly change our corporate structure, and, consequently, significantly affect our ability to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and the financial performance of our company as a whole. Our ADSs may decline in value or become worthless, if we are unable to claim our contractual rights over the assets of the VIE that conducts substantially all of our operations in China. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure” for detailed discussion.

Under PRC law, Jinxin Technology Holding Company may provide funding to the WFOE only through capital contributions or loans, and to the VIE only through loans, subject to the satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements. In 2021 and 2022, transfers of cash were made across our organization through capital injections and intra-group loans. As of December 31, 2022, Jinxin Technology Holding Company had made cumulative capital contributions of RMB146.9 million to the WFOE through its intermediate holding company, and had transferred RMB55.0 million to the WFOE by way of intra-group loans. In 2021 and 2022, the VIE transferred RMB17.5 million and RMB38.0 million to the WFOE, respectively, through intra-group loans. In 2021 and 2022, the WFOE transferred RMB17.5 million and RMB37.3 million to the VIE, respectively, through repayment of loans. Apart therefrom, no other cash or asset was transferred within our organization in 2021 and 2022. Jinxin Technology Holding Company has not previously declared or paid any cash dividend or dividend in kind, and has no plan to declare or pay any dividends in the near future on our shares or the ADSs representing our ordinary shares. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business. For details, see “Prospectus Summary — Transfer of Funds and Other Assets” and “Summary Consolidated Financial Data — Condensed Consolidating Schedule.” As of the date of this prospectus, we do not have cash management policies and procedures in place that dictate how funds are transferred through our organization. Rather, the funds can be transferred in accordance with the applicable PRC laws and regulations, subject to satisfaction of applicable government registration and approval requirements. There is no assurance the PRC government will not impose restrictions and limitations on the ability of Jinxin Technology Holding Company, our subsidiaries, and the VIE to transfer cash. To the extent cash or assets are held in mainland China or by a mainland China entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China due to certain administrative and procedural requirements on foreign exchange and limitations on the ability of Jinxin Technology Holding Company, our subsidiaries, or the VIE to transfer cash or assets. While there are currently no such restrictions or limitations in Hong Kong on cash transfers to, or from, entities in Hong Kong, if certain PRC laws and regulations, including existing laws and regulations and those enacted or promulgated in the future, were to become applicable to our Hong Kong subsidiary in the future, and to the extent our cash or assets are in Hong Kong or a Hong Kong entity, such funds or assets may not be available due to certain administrative and procedural requirements on foreign exchange and limitations on our ability to transfer funds or assets. See “Prospectus Summary — Summary of Risk Factors,” “Prospectus Summary — Restrictions on Foreign Exchange and our Ability to Transfer Cash between Entities, Across Borders and to U.S. Investors,” “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure — We may rely on dividends and other payments from Shanghai Mihe to fund cash and financing requirements, and any limitation on the ability of Shanghai Mihe to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and pay dividends to our shareholders” and “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans to our PRC subsidiary and the VIE in China, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

Jinxin Technology Holding Company’s ability to pay dividends, if any, to its shareholders and ADS holders and to service any debt it may incur will depend upon dividends paid by the WFOE. Under PRC laws and regulations, the WFOE is subject to certain restrictions with respect to paying dividends or otherwise transferring any of their net assets offshore to Jinxin Technology Holding Company. In particular, under the current effective PRC laws and regulations, dividends may be paid only out of distributable profits. Distributable profits are the net profit as determined under PRC GAAP, less any recovery of accumulated losses and appropriations to statutory and other reserves required to be made. The WFOE is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, after making up previous years’ accumulated losses, if any, to fund certain statutory reserve funds, until the aggregate amount of such a fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. Furthermore, the PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. If the foreign exchange processes and procedural requirements prevent us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our offshore intermediary holding companies or ultimate parent company, and therefore, our shareholders or investors in our ADSs. If any of our subsidiaries

TABLE OF CONTENTS

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any related free writing prospectus that we have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus or in any related free writing prospectus. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy the ADSs offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is current only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the ADSs.

Neither we nor the underwriter has taken any action that would permit a public offering of the ADSs outside the United States or permit the possession or distribution of this prospectus or any filed free writing prospectus outside the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus or any filed free writing prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the ADSs and the distribution of this prospectus or any filed free writing prospectus outside the United States.

Until               , 2023 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade ADSs, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

RISK FACTORS

Investing in the ADSs involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risks and uncertainties and all other information contained in this prospectus before investing in the ADSs. Any of the following risks could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and ability to pay dividends, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

If we are not able to continue to attract and retain users, increase the spending of paying users on our contents, maintain or strengthen the cooperation with the major telecom operators in China and other business partners, we may not be able to sustain revenue growth, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We mainly generate revenues from provision of digital educational contents to individual users through our flagship learning app, Namibox. We also generate revenues from provision of digital educational contents to our business partners, mainly major telecom and broadcast operators and hardware manufacturers in China, that distribute or install our digital contents through their platforms or devices. Therefore, the ability to attract and retain users, increase the spending of paying users on our contents, and maintain or strengthen the cooperation with our business partners is critical to the continued success and growth of our business. Such ability will depend on several factors, including but not limited to the quality of our product and content offerings, the overall learning experience we provide to our users, the development capabilities and technology leadership, our brand recognition and reputation, as well as the effectiveness of our marketing activities.

We may not, however, always be able to meet our users’ and business partners’ expectations, many of which are outside of our control. If users feel dissatisfied with the quality of our educational contents or the learning experience we offer, or if our business partners feel that we are not providing them the contents or programs they are seeking for, our user engagement as well as cooperation with business partners could be negatively affected or the costs associated with user acquisition and retention could increase, or both, any of which could materially and adversely affect our ability to grow the user base as well as revenues. These developments could also harm the brand and reputation of us, which would negatively impact our ability to expand our business.

We have a limited operating history in an evolving market, which makes it difficult to predict our prospects and our business and financial performance.

We have a limited operating history in China’s childhood education sector as we launched our app only in 2014. Such limited history of operating under the current business model may not serve as an adequate basis for evaluating our prospects and operating results, including our revenues, cash flows and operating margins. The childhood education market in China is still rapidly evolving and is characterized by increased competition, which makes it more difficult to evaluate our performance and prospects. We have encountered, and may continue to encounter in the future, risks, challenges and uncertainties associated with operating a digital educational content business and expanding our user reach, such as continuing to develop high-quality content, expanding our user base and enhancing user engagement, navigating an uncertain and evolving regulatory environment, and improving and expanding our product and content offerings. If we do not manage these risks successfully, our operating and financial results may differ materially from our expectations and our business and financial performance may suffer.

We have grown rapidly and expect to continue to invest in our growth for the foreseeable future. If we fail to manage this growth effectively, our business, financial condition and operating results may be materially and adversely affected.

We have experienced rapid growth since the inception of our online operations. However, our historical growth may not be indicative of our future growth or financial results. For example, we recorded net income of RMB55.1 million (US$8.0 million) in 2022 as compared to net losses of RMB77.7 million incurred in 2021. We cannot assure you that we will be able manage the business growth at the same rate as we did in the past, or avoid any decline in the future. Our financial condition and results of operations may fluctuate due to a number of other factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

•        the ability of us to continue to improve product and content offerings and expand the user base;

•        general economic and social conditions and government regulations or actions pertaining to the provision of digital educational contents to primary and middle school students in China;

•        increased competition and market perception and acceptance of any of the newly introduced offerings of us in any given year;

•        expansion and related costs in a given period;

•        shifts in attitude towards childhood digital education services in China; and

•        our ability to control the cost of revenues and other operating costs, and enhance the operational efficiency.

To maintain our growth, we need to strengthen the ability as follows: (i) develop and improve educational contents to make them appealing to existing and prospective users; (ii) maintain and expand our user base; (iii) effectively recruit, train and motivate new employees, including our content development and technology personnel; (iv) successfully implement enhancements and improvements to our technological systems and platforms; (v) continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls and efficiencies; (vi) protect and further develop our intellectual property rights; and (vii) make sound business decisions in light of the scrutiny associated with operating as a listed company. These activities require significant capital expenditures and management and financial resources. We cannot assure you that we will be able to effectively manage any future growth in an efficient, cost-effective and timely manner, or at all. Our rapid growth in a relatively short period of time is not necessarily indicative of results that we may achieve in the future. If we do not effectively manage the growth of our business and operations, our reputation, results of operations and overall business and prospects could be adversely impacted.

We have incurred net losses in the past, and we may not be able to remain profitable or increase profitability in the future.

We have incurred net losses of RMB77.7 million in 2021, while we recorded a net income of RMB55.1 million (US$8.0 million) in 2022. We cannot assure you that we will be able to remain profitable in the future. Our ability to maintain profitability will depend primarily on our ability to increase our operating margin, either by growing our revenues at a rate faster than the increase of our operating expenses, such as our research and development expenses, or by reducing our operating expenses as a percentage of our net revenues. As we plan to continue to invest in expanding the scope and improving the quality of our product and content offerings as well as in marketing and branding efforts, there can be no assurance that we will maintain profitability and we may experience net losses again in the future.

We face competition, which may divert users to our competitors, lead to pricing pressure and loss of market share.

The childhood education industry in China is evolving and competitive, and we expect competition in this sector to persist and intensify as more players may enter this promising market. We compete with competitors for users, high-quality content offerings, collaboration opportunities with major telecom operators and hardware manufacturers as distribution partners, and sales and marketing capabilities, among other things. Some of our current and future competitors may have substantially greater name recognition and financial and other resources than we do, which may enable them to compete more effectively for potential users and decrease our market share as a result. We also expect to face competition as a result of new entrants to the respective markets.

If we are unable to compete successfully against current or future competitors, we may face competitive pressures that could adversely affect our business and results of operations. For example, increased competition may result in pricing pressure for us in terms of the fees we are able to charge from users and business partners. In addition, childhood digital education is characterized by rapid changes in users’ technological requirements and expectations as well as evolving market standards, and our competitors may develop applications or other technologies that are superior to those we use. These differences may affect our ability to retain users and cooperate with business partners in a cost-efficient manner, which may render our products and content offerings less competitive. The increasingly competitive landscape may also result in longer and more complex sales cycles with a prospective user, or a decrease in the market share, any of which could negatively affect our revenue and the ability to grow our business.

A severe and prolonged global economic recession and the slowdown in the Chinese economy may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

COVID-19 had a severe and negative impact on the Chinese and the global economy since 2020. Whether this will lead to a prolonged downturn in the economy is still unknown. In addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, the global macroeconomic environment was facing numerous challenges. The growth rate of the Chinese economy had already been slowing since 2012 compared to the previous decade and the trend may continue. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, China’s gross domestic product (GDP) growth was slowing down in recent years. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies which had been adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China, even before 2020. Unrest, terrorist threats and the potential for war in the Middle East and elsewhere may increase market volatility across the globe. There is significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and China with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. It is unclear whether these challenges and uncertainties will be contained or resolved and what effects they may have on the global political and economic conditions in the long term. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Failure to obtain and renew the requested licenses or permits in a timely manner or obtain newly required ones, due to adverse changes in regulations or policies could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The digital education industry in China is highly regulated by the PRC government. As an integrated digital educational content provider, we, the VIE and its subsidiaries are required to obtain and maintain various licenses and permits and fulfill registration and filing requirements in order to conduct and operate our business currently carried out. We cannot assure you that we, the VIE or its subsidiaries will be able to successfully update or renew the licenses or permits required for our business in a timely manner or that these licenses or permits are sufficient to conduct all of our present or future business.

The VIE and its subsidiaries currently hold the Value-added Telecommunications Business Operating License, the Production and Operation of Radio and TV Programs Permit, the Internet Culture Operation License and the Publication Business License for our business operation. However, we, the VIE and its subsidiaries may be required to apply for and obtain additional licenses, permits or registrations, given that the interpretation and implementation of certain regulatory requirements applicable to digital educational content business are still evolving. As a result, in certain circumstances it may be difficult to determine what actions or omissions may be deemed to be in violation of applicable laws and regulations. As of the date of this prospectus, we, the VIE and its subsidiaries have not obtained certain approvals, licenses and permits that may be required for some aspects of our operations. According to the Administrative Provisions on Internet Audio-Visual Program Services, a provider of internet audio-visual program services is required to obtain a license for online transmission of audio-visual programs, or License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs, issued by the State Administration of Press and Publication Radio, Film and Television. Moreover, an entity providing online publication services shall obtain an Online Publishing Service Permit. We, the VIE and its subsidiaries have not obtained the License for Online Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs and Online Publishing Service Permit since we, the VIE or its subsidiaries may not be eligible to apply for such license and permit under the current regulatory regime as a privately-held company. Historically, the VIE was fined by certain local regulators for an immaterial amount for failure to obtain the License for Online

Transmission of Audio-Visual Programs and Online Publishing Service Permit. The VIE has paid the fine and made the corresponding rectification. We do not believe that these administrative penalties are material under the current regulatory environment.

There can be no assurance that, if so required, we, the VIE or its subsidiaries will be able to obtain all the required approvals, licenses, permits and complete all necessary filings, recordation renewals and registrations on a timely basis for our provision of digital educational contents, or at all, given the amount of discretion the PRC authorities may have in interpreting, implementing and enforcing relevant rules and regulations, as well as other factors beyond our control and anticipation. If we, the VIE or its subsidiaries fail to obtain required permits in a timely manner or obtain or renew any permits and certificates, or fail to complete the necessary filings, recordation renewals or registrations on a timely basis, we and the VIE may be subject to fines, confiscation of the gains derived from our non-compliant operations, suspension of our non-compliant operations or claims for compensation of any economic loss suffered by our users or other relevant parties.

The recognition of our brand may be adversely affected by any negative publicity concerning us and our business, shareholders, affiliates, directors, officers, and other employees, as well as the industry in which we operate, regardless of its accuracy, which could harm our reputation and business.

We believe that market awareness of our Namibox among users have contributed significantly to the success of our business. Maintaining and enhancing our brand recognition is critical to scale our business and attract and retain users. We engage in branding efforts such as word-of-mouth marketing, app store promotion, online social media advertising, and partnership with third-party promotional companies and channels. These efforts may not always achieve the desired results. If we are unable to maintain and further enhance our brand recognition, or if our brand image is negatively impacted by any negative publicity, we may not be able to maintain our current growth and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Negative publicity about us and our business, shareholders, affiliates, directors, officers, other employees, business partners, users, businesses with similar names to ours without our authorization, as well as the industry in which we operate, can harm our brand and reputation. Negative publicity concerning these parties could be related to a wide variety of matters, including, but are not limited to:

•        alleged misconduct or other improper activities committed by our users or our shareholders, affiliates, directors, officers and other employees, including misrepresentation made by our employees during sales and marketing activities, and other fraudulent activities to artificially inflate the popularity of our products and services;

•        false or malicious allegations or rumors about us or our business, shareholders, affiliates, directors, officers and other employees;

•        complaints by our users about our product and content offerings;

•        security breaches of private user or transaction data;

•        employment-related claims relating to alleged employment discrimination, wage and hour violations; and

•        governmental and regulatory investigations or penalties resulting from our failure to comply with applicable laws, regulations and policies, including those to be adopted by the government for applying more stringent social, ethical and environmental standards

In addition to traditional media, there has been increasing use of social media platforms and similar media in China that provide individuals with access to a broad audience of consumers and other interested persons. The availability of information on instant messaging applications and social media platforms is virtually immediate without affording us an opportunity for redress or correction. The opportunity for dissemination of information, including inaccurate information, is seemingly limitless and readily available. Information concerning our company, shareholders, affiliates, directors, officers and other employees may be posted on such platforms at any time. The risks associated with any such negative publicity or incorrect information cannot be completely eliminated or mitigated and may materially harm our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to convert trial users of our Namibox to paying users of our digital educational content.

As an industry norm, we grant users access to certain of our digital educational content on Namibox on a trial basis free of charge. We believe that this trial mechanism helps attract users to our platform. However, historically, a portion of such potential users have not converted into new paying users for our digital educational contents. While we intend to increase the conversion of the trial users to paying users, we may not be able to do so due to a variety of reasons, many of which are outside of our control. We may face increased dissatisfaction from trial users if our product and content offerings fail to meet their expectations, increased pricing pressure from our existing paying users and increased competitive pressure from our competitors if they were to offer their trial users more attractive trial use services. These factors may cause the conversion of our trial users to paying users to further decrease, which may adversely affect our prospects, business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

Our promulgation of new products and contents may not be successful and may expose us to new challenges and more risks.

We aim to continue to develop more digital textbooks and reading materials to cover a wider range of educational and leisure reading contents in the future, such as the introduction of various versions of textbooks used in different regions in China and the further development of after-class reading resources. We also plan to extend the scope of offerings to cover all aspects of children’s self-directed learning activities. Our lack of experience with these new product and content offerings may adversely affect our prospects and our ability to compete with the existing market players in any of these product and service categories. Moreover, promulgation of new products and content offerings and expansion into new markets may disrupt our ongoing business, distract our management and employees and increase our expenses to cover unforeseen or hidden liabilities or costs. We may also face challenges in achieving the expected benefits of synergies and growth opportunities in connection with these new product and content offerings. We may also become subject to additional compliance requirements for these new product and service categories. Failure to expand successfully may also diminish investor confidence in our decision-making and execution capabilities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

If we fail to adopt new technologies that are important to our business, in particular the technology upgrades, our competitive position and ability to generate revenues may be materially and adversely affected.

The technology used in digital educational contents may evolve and change over time. We believe our technologies are important to our success and are critical to the implementation of our business model. In particular, implementation of technologies to improve user’s learning experience is an important part of our educational content offerings and is critical to attracting new users to purchase our contents. As a digital educational content provider, we must anticipate and adapt to such technological changes and adopt new technologies in a timely manner. We also rely on our data and technology capabilities to build and maintain our platform and infrastructure. We cannot assure you that we can keep up with the fast pace of the technology industry, and continue to develop, innovate and utilize our proprietary capabilities. Our technologies may become insufficient, and we may have difficulties in following and adapting to technological changes in the digital educational content industry in a timely and cost-effective manner. New solutions and technologies developed and introduced by competitors could render our technology obsolete. Developing and integrating new technologies into our existing technology framework could be expensive and time-consuming. We may not succeed in developing and incorporating new technologies at all. If we fail to continue to develop, innovate and utilize our technologies effectively and on a timely basis, our business, financial performance and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

If we are not able to continue to engage, train and retain high-quality content development staff, we may not be able to offer appealing new educational content or maintain the quality of existing educational content in a cost-effective way.

As we believe our high-quality original educational content is crucial to our product-centric business model and our prospects, our content development staff is critical to the popularity of our learning app and educational contents and to the experience of our users. We seek to engage high-quality content development staff with strong educational backgrounds and innovative capabilities. We need to provide competitive salaries and offer attractive career outlooks to attract and retain them. We must also provide ongoing training to our content development staff to ensure that they stay abreast of the evolving and diversified needs of both individual users and education organizations for childhood education. Furthermore, as we continue to develop educational content in new subjects and formats, we may need to engage additional high-quality content development staff with appropriate skill sets or backgrounds to develop the

content effectively. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to effectively engage and train such staff quickly, or at all. Additionally, given the potentially more attractive opportunities for our skilled and experienced content development staff, over time, some of them may choose to leave us. Departure of quality content development staff may reduce the attractiveness of our product and content offerings and negatively impact our results of operations. Although we have not experienced major difficulties in engaging, training or retaining high-quality content development staff in the past, we may not always be able to do so to keep pace with our growth while maintaining consistent content development quality. A shortage of high-quality content development staff, a decrease in the quality of our existing staff’s performance, whether actual or perceived, or a significant increase in the cost to engage or retain high-quality content development staff would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A significant portion of our revenue is contributed by a limited number of key customers. The loss of one or more of our key customers, or a failure to renew our agreements with one or more of our key customers, could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We currently generate a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of key customers. China Telecommunications Corporation, a major telecom and broadcast operator in China, was our largest customer for each of 2021 and 2022. The percentage of our revenue attributable to China Telecommunications Corporation amounted to 30.3% and 45.6% of our total revenue in 2021 and 2022, respectively. No other customers accounted for more than 10% of our total revenue in 2021 or 2022.

We expect that a substantial portion of our revenue will continue to be derived from a relatively small number of key customers. In the event that these existing key customers cease to engage our products and services and we are unable to find new customers with similar attributable revenue within a reasonable period of time or at all, our business and profitability may be adversely affected. Key customers may also seek, and on occasion receive, pricing, payment or other commercial terms that are less favorable to us and can hurt our competitive position. In addition, if any of such customers default or delay on their payment or settlement of our trade and other receivables, our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We cooperate with various business partners, such as suppliers and distributors. If we are not able to maintain our relationships with existing business partners or develop relationships with new business partners, our operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We cooperate with various business partners in the ordinary course of our business. For example, we cooperate with publishers to obtain their authorization to digitalize and distribute the textbooks published by them. We also cooperate with major telecom operators and well-known hardware manufacturers to effectively distribute and promote our product and content offerings. Maintaining strong relationships with these suppliers and partners is critical to the results of operations and prospects of our business. We generally enter into cooperation agreements with these content and distribution partners, and these agreements typically do not restrict the business partners from cooperating with our competitors in the industry. There can be no assurance that the business partners we currently cooperate with will continue the cooperation with us on commercially acceptable terms, or at all, after the terms of the current agreements expire. Our ability to attract leading publishers and distributors to cooperate with us also hinges on the quality and popularity of our offerings. If we cannot ensure that our educational contents are well-recognized among users, we might not be able to attract new partners or maintain the existing distribution channels. If we are unable to maintain our relationships with existing business partners or develop relationships with new business partners, our operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to develop and introduce new features to, or upgrade the current features in, our existing educational content to meet changing market preferences in a timely and cost-effective manner.

To attract users and keep our existing users engaged, we must introduce new products and contents and upgrade the existing offerings to meet the evolving preferences of the market. It is difficult to predict the preferences of a particular user or a specific group of users. Changes and upgrades to our existing products and contents may not be well received by our users, and newly introduced products and contents may not achieve success as expected. We cannot assure you that any of such new product or content offerings will achieve market acceptance or generate sufficient revenues to adequately compensate the costs and expenses incurred in relation to our development and promotion efforts. If we fail to improve our existing products and contents and introduce new ones in a timely or cost-effective manner, our ability to attract and retain users may be impaired, and our financial performance and prospects may be adversely affected.

The success and future growth of our business may be affected by user acceptance and market trend of integration of learning and technology.

We operate in the digital educational content industry, and our business model features integrating technology, including AI technologies, big data analysis and gamified technologies, closely with learning to provide a more interactive and engaging learning experience. However, the integration of technology and education remains a relatively new concept in China, and there are limited proven methods to project the demand or preference of users or available industry standards on which we can rely. The general public, many of whom are our potential users, may not recognize and accept the concept of children learning on a mobile app or intelligent TV rather than from a human teacher. They may also have concerns over the effectiveness of our interactive and self-directed learning app, considering that our business model is relatively new and there are few players with proven track records in the market. As a result of the foregoing, the general public may not choose our products and content offerings, and may stick with traditional in-person teaching. If we fail to convince our users and potential users on the value and the effectiveness of our innovative approach as well as further promote our products and contents, our growth will be limited and our business, financial performance and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We may not be able to maintain or increase our price level for digital educational contents offered on our app.

Our results of operations are affected by the pricing of our digital educational contents offered on Namibox. We determine the subscription fees of our educational contents primarily based on our research and development expenses, the market demand for our products and contents as well as the level of fees charged by other industry players. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain or increase our price level in the future without adversely affecting the demand for our products and contents.

We are subject to a variety of laws and other obligations regarding data privacy and protection, and any failure to comply with applicable laws and obligations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to various regulatory requirements relating to the security and privacy of data, including PRC restrictions on the collection and use of personal information and requirements to take steps to prevent personal data from being divulged, stolen, or tampered with. See “Regulation — Regulations Relating to Internet Security and Privacy Protection.” Regulatory requirements regarding the protection of data are constantly evolving and can be subject to differing interpretations or significant change, making the extent of our responsibilities in that regard uncertain. For example, the PRC Cybersecurity Law became effective in June 2017, it is possible that those regulatory requirements may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. In addition, the Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, and the State Administration for Market Regulation jointly issued an announcement on January 23, 2019 regarding carrying out special campaigns against mobile internet application programs collecting and using personal information in violation of applicable laws and regulations, which prohibits business operators from collecting personal information irrelevant to their services and from forcing users to give authorization in a disguised manner. Further, the Cyberspace Administration of China issued the Provisions on the Cyber Protection of Children’s Personal Information on August 22, 2019, which took effect on October 1, 2019. The Provisions on the Cyber Protection of Children’s Personal Information requires that, among others, network operators who collect, store, use, transfer and disclose personal information of children under the age of 14 shall establish special rules and user agreements for the protection of children’s personal information, inform the children’s guardians in a noticeable and clear manner, and shall obtain the consent of the children’s guardians. On June 10, 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, or the Date Security Law, which took effect on September 1, 2021. The Data Security Law introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, and the degree of harm it may cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations if such data are tampered with, destroyed, leaked, illegally acquired or illegally used. The appropriate level of protection measures is required to be taken for each respective category of data. On August 20, 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the PRC Personal Information Protection Law, or the Personal Information Protection Law effective from November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law requires, among others, that (i) the processing of personal information should have a clear and reasonable purpose which should be directly related to the processing purpose, in a method that has the least impact on personal rights and interests, and (ii) the collection of personal information should be limited to the minimum scope necessary to achieve the processing purpose to avoid the excessive collection of personal information. Different types of personal information

and personal information processing will be subject to various rules on consent, transfer and security. We have been taking and will continue to take reasonable measures to comply with such announcement and provisions. However, as the announcement and provisions are relatively new, we cannot assure you we can adapt our operations to it in a timely manner. Besides the evolving regulations, we face challenges exposed by the wide array of different regulatory bodies and professional self-regulatory associations in the area (such as China National App Administration Center, or CNAAC, a third-party monitoring organization), which impose different standards of data privacy regulations or non-binding self-regulatory rules related to data privacy from different perspectives, often times resulting in a more difficult position for us to comply with all such regulations and rules.

Although we strive to ensure that our learning app is compliant with applicable data privacy and protection laws and regulations overseas, the laws may be modified, interpreted or applied in new manners that we may be unable to anticipate or adjust for appropriately. We may also incur substantial costs to ensure our compliance internationally. In addition, users or potential users may find our measures to comply with the applicable laws and regulations troublesome to follow, and thus we may lose our users or potential users.

Any failure, or perceived failure, by us, or by our business partners, to comply with applicable privacy, data security and personal information protection laws, regulations, policies, contractual provisions, industry standards, and other requirements, may result in the suspension or even removal of our learning apps, as well as civil or regulatory liability, including governmental or data protection authority enforcement actions and investigations, fines, penalties, enforcement orders requiring us to cease operating in a certain way, litigation, or adverse publicity, and may require us to expend significant resources in responding to and defending allegations and claims.

Moreover, claims or allegations that we have failed to adequately protect our users’ data, or otherwise violated applicable privacy, data security and personal information protection laws, regulations, policies, contractual provisions, industry standards, or other requirements, may result in damage to our reputation and a loss of confidence in us by our users or our business partners, potentially causing us to lose users, business partners and revenues, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If our security measures are breached or failed and result in unauthorized disclosure or unintended leakage of data, we could lose existing users, fail to attract new users and be exposed to protracted and costly litigation or administration sanctions.

We store and transmit proprietary and confidential information, including information for user registration and placing orders. We currently utilize third-party cloud providers in China to store our data. To ensure the confidentiality and integrity of our data, we maintain comprehensive and rigorous data security measures. For example, we anonymize and encrypt confidential personal information and take other technological measures to ensure the secure processing, transmission and usage of data. See “Business — Data Privacy and Security.” These measures, however, may not be as effective as we anticipate. If these security measures are breached, or fail to function as intended, and result in unauthorized disclosure or unintended leakage of data, external parties may receive or be able to access the personal information on our users, which could subject us to liabilities, interrupt our business and adversely impact our reputation. Furthermore, we currently are subject to certain legal obligations regarding the manner in which we treat such information. Increased regulation of data utilization practices, including self-regulation or findings under existing laws that limit our ability to collect, transfer and use data, could have an adverse effect on our business. If we were to process or disclose data of our users in a manner they objected, our business reputation could be adversely affected, our mobile apps could be removed from app stores, and we may face potential legal claims that could impact our operating results.

Any of these issues could harm our reputation, adversely affect our ability to attract users, retain existing users, or subject us to third-party lawsuits, regulatory fines or other action or liability. Further, any reputational damage resulting from breach of our security measures could create distrust of our company by prospective users or investors. We may be required to expend significant additional resources to protect us against the threat of security measures breaches or to alleviate problems caused by such disruptions or breaches.

Any significant disruption to our technology infrastructure or our failure to maintain the satisfactory performance, security and integrity of our technology infrastructure would reduce user satisfaction and harm our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations.

The proper functioning and reliability of our IT infrastructure are critical to our operations and reputation. We provide digital educational contents to users primarily through our app and programs built upon proprietary IT infrastructure. Our operations depend on the service providers’’ ability to protect its and our IT infrastructure against events such as damage or interruption from natural disasters, power or telecommunications failures, air quality issues, environmental conditions, computer viruses or attempts to harm our systems, criminal acts and similar events, which events are beyond our control. In addition, we cannot assure you that we will be able to timely scale up and adjust our existing technology and infrastructure to respond to system interruptions. Accordingly, any errors, defects, disruptions or other performance problems with our IT infrastructure could damage our reputation, decrease user satisfaction and retention, adversely impact our ability to attract new users, and materially disrupt our operations. To date, we have not experienced any significant system outage caused by IT issues, but we cannot assure you that such issues will not happen in the future.

We may not be successful in developing or maintaining relationships with key participants in the mobile industry or in developing products and services that operate effectively with these operating systems, networks, devices and standards.

We make our Namibox available on both iOS and Android systems across a variety of mobile devices. We depend on the interoperability of our learning app with popular devices and mobile operating systems that we do not control. Any changes in devices or their systems that degrade the functionality of our learning app or give preferential treatment to competitive products or contents could adversely affect the usage of our products and contents. We may not be successful in developing relationships with key participants in the mobile industry or in developing services that operate effectively with their operating systems, networks, devices and standards. We also cooperate with key participants in the mobile industry to put our products on the front page of their respective apps stores and label our products as recommended, which helps attract prospective users. If we cannot maintain such relationships at reasonable costs or at all, we may not get sufficient exposure on their respective platforms, which will impair our ability to acquire traffic.

In addition, we rely on mainstream telecom operators as distribution channels to distribute our app and programs to more users. As such, the promotion, distribution and operation of our Namibox are subject to such distribution channels’ standard terms and policies for app developers, which are subject to the interpretation of, and frequent changes by, these distribution channels. If any major distribution channel interprets or changes its standard terms and conditions in a manner that is detrimental to us in the future, or terminate its existing relationship with us, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

If we are not able to improve or maintain our sales and marketing efficiency, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition to word-of-mouth referrals, we have been conducting other sales and marketing activities efficiently. We incurred sales and marketing expenses of RMB75.5 million and RMB11.6 million (US$1.7 million) in 2021 and 2022, respectively.

We intend to further strengthen our collaboration with major telecom operators and hardware manufacturers to enhance distribution of our app and programs, and we also plan to conduct more sales and marketing activities through online advertising, such as social media, internet video and livestreaming-based promotional campaigns. These sales and marketing activities may not be well received by our target user group and may not result in the levels of sales that we anticipate. We also may not be able to retain or recruit experienced marketing staff, or to efficiently train junior marketing staff. In addition, sales and marketing approaches and tools in the digital educational content market in China are evolving. This further requires us to enhance our marketing and branding approaches and experiment with new methods to keep pace with industry developments and user preferences. Failure to refine our existing sales and marketing approaches or to introduce new sales and marketing approaches in a cost-effective manner may reduce our market share, cause our revenues to decline and negatively impact our operating margins.

We may be involved in legal and other disputes from time to time arising out of our operations, including allegations relating to our infringement of intellectual property rights of third parties.

We have and may continue to be involved in legal and other disputes in the ordinary courses of our business, including allegations against us for potential infringement of third party’s copyrights or other intellectual property rights. In addition, the digital educational content offered in our Namibox may expose us to allegations from third parties for infringement of intellectual property rights. We acquired authorization from third party publishers for a certain portion of our educational content offerings. If our rights to such educational contents are disputed or if we lose such rights, we may be forced to remove the disputed contents as well as pay certain penalties. In this case, our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation would be materially and adversely affected.

We have adopted policies and procedures to prohibit our employees from infringing upon third-party copyright or intellectual property rights. However, we cannot ensure that they will not, against our policies, use third-party copyrighted materials or intellectual property without proper authorization or via any medium through which we provide our product and content offerings. We may incur liability for unauthorized duplication or distribution of materials posted on our platform. We may be subject to claims against us alleging our infringement of third-party intellectual property rights in the future. Any such intellectual property infringement claim could result in costly litigation and divert our management attention and resources, which in turn could adversely affect our business, financial condition and prospects.

If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitive position may be undermined, and litigation to protect our intellectual property rights or defend against third-party allegations of infringement may be costly and ineffective.

We believe that our patents, copyrights, trademarks and other intellectual property are essential to our success, and we depend, to a large extent, on our ability to develop and maintain the intellectual property rights relating to our digital educational contents and technologies.

We rely primarily on a combination of intellectual property laws and other contractual restrictions, including confidentiality agreements, non-compete agreements and IP ownership assignment terms, for the protection of the intellectual property used in our business. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary intellectual property rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or duplicate our intellectual property or otherwise use our intellectual properties without obtaining our consent. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly, and we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will effectively prevent misappropriation of our intellectual properties. If we are not successful in protecting our intellectual property rights, the business and results of operations of us may be adversely affected.

In addition, litigation may be necessary to enforce and protect our intellectual property rights, which may be costly and divert management’s attention away from our business. An adverse determination in any such litigation would impair our intellectual property rights and may harm our business, prospects and reputation. Similar to situations of many other countries, enforcement of judgments in China is also uncertain, and therefore even if we are successful in litigation, it may not provide us with an effective remedy. In addition, we have no insurance coverage against litigation costs and would have to bear all costs arising from such litigation to the extent we are unable to recover them from other parties. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to liability claims for any inappropriate content in our product and content offerings, which could cause us to incur legal costs and damages our reputation.

We implement various content monitoring procedures to prohibit inappropriate content from being displayed in the educational content we offer. However, we cannot assure you that there will be no inappropriate content displayed and offered on our app. Therefore, we may face civil or administrative liability if an individual or corporate, governmental or other entity believes that our educational content, violates any laws, regulations or governmental policies or infringes upon its legal rights. Even if such a claim were not successful, defending such a claim may cause us to incur substantial costs. Moreover, any accusation of inappropriate content in our education content offerings could lead to significant negative publicity, which could harm our reputation and results of operations.

We have exposure to interest rate risk.

As a part of our business, we invest in interest-earning assets and are obligated on interest-bearing liabilities. Interest rate fluctuations primarily affect our interest income and interest expenses. Changes in interest rates could affect the interest earned on assets differently than interest paid on liabilities. A rising interest rate environment generally results in a larger net interest spread. Conversely, a falling interest rate environment generally results in a smaller net interest spread. If we are unable to effectively manage our interest rate risk, changes in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our profitability.

We may not be able to obtain additional capital when desired, on favorable terms or at all.

We make investments in content development, technological systems and other projects to remain competitive. Due to the unpredictable nature of the capital markets and our industry, there can be no assurance that we will be able to raise additional capital on terms favorable to us, or at all, if and when required, especially if we experience disappointing results of operations. If adequate capital is not available to us as required, our ability to fund our operations, take advantage of unanticipated opportunities, develop or enhance our infrastructure or respond to competitive pressures could be significantly limited. If we do raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our shareholders could be significantly diluted. These newly issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing shareholders.

Our success depends on the continuing efforts of our founder, senior management team and other key employees.

The continuing efforts of our founder, senior management team and other key employees are important to our continued success. In particular, we rely on the expertise and experience of Mr. Jin Xu, our founder, chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer. We also rely on the experience and services from our senior management team. If they cannot work together effectively or efficiently, our business may be severely disrupted. If one or more of our senior management were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we might not be able to replace them easily or at all, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If any of our senior management joins a competitor or forms a competing business, we may lose users, key professionals and other staff members. Our senior management has entered into employment agreements with us which contain confidentiality clauses, as well as standalone confidentiality and non-compete agreements. However, if any dispute arises between our senior management and us, we may have to incur substantial costs and expenses in order to enforce such agreements in China or we may be unable to enforce them at all.

We are subject to third-party payment processing-related risks.

Payments for some of our educational contents are conducted through major third-party online payment channels in China. We may also be susceptible to fraud, user data leakage and other illegal activities in connection with the various payment methods we offer. In addition, our business depends on the billing, payment and escrow systems of the third-party payment service providers to maintain accurate records of payments by users and collect such payments. If the quality, utility, convenience or attractiveness of these payment processing and escrow services declines, or if we have to change the pattern of using these payment services for any reason, the attractiveness of our company could be materially and adversely affected. We are also subject to various rules, regulations and requirements, regulatory or otherwise, governing electronic funds transfers that could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply. Therefore, any failure to comply with these rules or requirements may subject us to fines and higher transaction fees and we may become unable to accept the current online payment solutions from our users, and as a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Business involving online payment services is subject to a number of risks that could materially and adversely affect third-party online payment service providers’ ability to provide payment processing and escrow services to us, including:

•        dissatisfaction with these online payment services or decreased use of their services;

•        increasing competition, including from other established Chinese internet companies, payment service providers and companies engaged in other financial technology services;

•        changes to rules or practices applicable to payment systems that link to third-party online payment service providers;

•        breach of users’ personal information and concerns over the use and security of information collected from buyers;

•        service outages, system failures or failures to effectively scale the system to handle large and growing transaction volumes;

•        increasing costs to third-party online payment service providers, including fees charged by banks to process transactions through online payment channels, which would also increase our costs of revenues; and

•        failure to manage funds accurately or loss of funds, whether due to employee fraud, security breaches, technical errors or otherwise.

Our results of operations are subject to seasonal fluctuations.

Our results of operations are subject to seasonal fluctuations. Historically, our revenues are generally higher in the first and third quarters because subscriptions for our products and contents typically increase during the back-to-school seasons. However, it is difficult for us to judge the exact nature or extent of the seasonality of our digital educational content business due to its rapid growth. Given our limited operating history, the seasonal trends that we have experienced in the past may not be indicative of our future operating results. Our financial condition and results of operations for future periods may continue to fluctuate. As a result, the trading price of our ADSs may fluctuate from time to time due to seasonality.

We have granted share-based awards, and expect to continue to grant share-based awards under our share incentive plan, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

In 2016, we have adopted a share incentive plan, or the 2016 Plan, to provide additional incentives to core employees and directors. As of the date of this prospectus, the maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares that may be issued under the plan is 130,666,669. See “Management — 2016 Share Incentive Plan.” In addition, the performance condition for options granted will be satisfied upon the completion of this offering. As a result, upon the completion of this offering, we will record a significant amount of cumulative share-based compensation expenses for those options. We also expect to continue to grant awards under our share incentive plan, which we believe is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on certain key operating metrics to evaluate the performance of our business, and real or perceived inaccuracies in such metrics may negatively affect our business and reputation.

We rely on certain key operating metrics, such as the number of paying users, among other things, to evaluate the performance of our business. Such operating metrics may differ from estimates published by third parties or from similarly titled metrics used by other companies due to differences in methodology and assumptions. We calculate these operating metrics using internal company data and certain external data. If we discover material inaccuracies in the operating metrics we use, or if they are perceived to be inaccurate, our reputation may be harmed and our evaluation methods and results may be impaired, which could negatively affect our business. If investors make investment decisions based on operating metrics we disclose that are inaccurate, we may also face potential lawsuits or disputes.

We face risks related to natural and other disasters, including severe weather conditions or outbreaks of health epidemics, and other extraordinary events, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

COVID-19 has significantly affected China and many other countries. Since early 2020, the PRC government has imposed various measures to keep COVID-19 in check, including quarantine arrangements, travel restrictions, and stay-at-home orders from time to time. Such restrictions have adversely affected our operations, as it has caused inconvenience to our day-to-day operating activities. Additionally, in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, our suppliers and partners may be unable to fulfill their obligations to us in a timely manner or at all. The COVID-19 pandemic has also broadly affected China’s K-9 digital educational content services market and the macroeconomy. Historically, there has been an increase in the demand for online learning and digital education during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has contributed to the growth of China’s K-9 digital educational content services market, and in turn, our business growth. We experienced a growth in revenue from individual users in 2022, partly because an increasing number of K-9 students switched to online study at home and subscribed for our digital educational contents during the pandemic. We believe that,

as a market leader, we are well-positioned to capture this opportunity and further grow our business. However, we are not able to quantify the proportion of the increase in revenue that is attributable to the increased number of paying users opting for online learning during the pandemic as opposed to other factors contributing to our growth in the same period. Further, the circumstances that have driven our business growth during the pandemic may not persist in the future. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our long-term operational and financial performance, and our relationships with suppliers, partners, customers and users, will depend on future developments, including the duration, spread and intensity of the pandemic, the effect of approved vaccines, and the speed and extent to which they are distributed and taken, all of which are uncertain and difficult to predict considering the rapidly evolving landscape.

In addition to the impact of COVID-19, our business could be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters, other health epidemics or other extraordinary events affecting the PRC, and particularly Shanghai. Natural disasters may give rise to server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to operate our products and services.

Our business could also be adversely affected if employees of us or our service providers are affected by health epidemics. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that any health epidemic harms the Chinese economy in general. Our headquarters are located in China, where most of our directors and management and the majority of our employees currently reside. Most of our system hardware and back-up systems are hosted in facilities located in China, and most of our service providers are located in China. Consequently, if any natural disasters, health epidemics or other public safety concerns were to affect China, our operation may experience material disruptions, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We currently do not have any business insurance coverage, which could expose us to significant costs and business disruption.

Currently, we do not have any business liability or disruption insurance to cover our operations. We have determined that the costs of insuring for these risks and the difficulties associated with acquiring such insurance on commercially reasonable terms make it impractical for us to have such insurance. Any uninsured business disruptions may result in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We face certain risks relating to the real properties that we lease.

We lease real properties from third parties primarily for our office use in China, and the lease agreements for some of these leased properties have not been registered with the PRC government authorities as required by PRC law. Although the failure to do so does not in itself invalidate the leases, we may be ordered by the PRC government authorities to rectify such noncompliance and, if such noncompliance were not rectified within a given period of time, we may be subject to fines imposed by PRC government authorities ranging from RMB1,000 and RMB10,000 for each of our lease agreements that has not been registered with the relevant PRC government authorities.

As of the date of this prospectus, we are not aware of any regulatory or governmental actions, claims or investigations being contemplated or any challenges by third parties to our use of our leased properties the lease agreements of which have not been registered with the government authorities. However, government authorities could impose fines on us due to our failure to register some of our lease agreements, which may negatively impact our financial condition.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls to remediate our material weakness over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of the ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

Prior to this offering, we have been a private company with limited accounting and financial reporting personnel and other resources with which we address our internal control over financial reporting and we were never required to evaluate our internal controls within a specified period of time. In connection with the audits of our consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. As defined in the standards established by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weakness identified relates to the lack of sufficient accounting and financial reporting personnel with appropriate knowledge of U.S. GAAP and financial reporting requirements set forth by the SEC to design and implement period-end financial reporting policies and procedures for the preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with U.S. GAAP and the SEC reporting requirements. The material weakness resulted in a number of significant management adjustments and amendments to our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures under U.S. GAAP. The material weakness, if not timely remedied, may lead to material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements in the future.

Neither we nor our independent registered public accounting firm undertook a comprehensive assessment of our internal control for purposes of identifying and reporting material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. Had we performed an assessment of our internal control over financial reporting or had our independent registered public accounting firm performed an audit of our internal control over financial reporting, additional material weaknesses may have been identified.

Following the identification of the material weakness, we have taken measures and plan to continue to take measures to remedy the material weakness. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.” However, the implementation of these measures may not fully address the material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, and we cannot conclude that they have been fully remediated. Our failure to remediate the material weakness or our failure to discover and address any other material weakness could result in inaccuracies in our consolidated financial statements and impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis. Moreover, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could significantly hinder our ability to prevent fraud.

Upon completion of this offering, we will become subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, will require that we include a report from management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with our annual report in our second annual report on Form 20-F after becoming a public company. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report with adverse opinion if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, after we become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, we may identify other weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. Generally speaking, if we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could in turn limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations, and lead to a decline in the trading price of our ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions. We may also be required to restate our financial statements from prior periods.

Increases in labor costs and enforcement of stricter labor laws and regulations in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

China’s overall economy and the average wage in China have increased in recent years and are expected to grow. The average wage level for our employees has also increased in recent years. We expect that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will increase in the future. Unless we are able to offset these increased labor costs by increasing our revenues faster, our profitability and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, we have been subject to stricter regulatory requirements in terms of entering into labor contracts with our employees and paying various statutory employee benefits, including pensions, housing fund, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of our employees. Pursuant to the PRC Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules, employers are subject to stricter requirements in terms of signing labor contracts, minimum wages, paying remuneration, determining the term of employee’s probation and unilaterally terminating labor contracts. In order to comply with the PRC Labor Contract Law and its implementation rules, we may not able to terminate some of our employees or otherwise change our employment or labor practices in a desirable or cost-effective manner, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

As the interpretation and implementation of labor-related laws and regulations are still evolving, our employment practices may violate labor-related laws and regulations in China, which may subject us to labor disputes or government investigations. We cannot assure you that we have complied or will be able to comply with all labor-related law and regulations including those relating to obligations to make social insurance payments and contribute to the housing provident funds. If we are deemed to have violated relevant labor laws and regulations, we could be required to provide additional compensation to our employees and our business, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.

Our operations depend on the performance of the internet infrastructure and telecommunications networks in China.

The successful operation of our business depends on the performance of the internet infrastructure and telecommunications networks in China. Almost all access to the internet is maintained through state-owned telecommunications operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT. Moreover, we have entered into contracts with various subsidiaries of a limited number of telecommunications service providers at the provincial level and rely on them to provide us with data communications capacity through local telecommunications lines. We have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s internet infrastructure or the telecommunications networks provided by telecommunications service providers. We regularly serve a large number of users. With the expansion of our business, we may be required to upgrade our technology and infrastructure to keep up with the increasing traffic using our products and services. However, we have no control over the costs of the services provided by telecommunications service providers. If the prices we pay for telecommunications and internet services rise significantly, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. If internet access fees or other charges to internet users increase, users may be discouraged or prevented from accessing the Internet and thus cause the growth of Internet users to decelerate. Such deceleration may adversely affect our ability to continue to expand user base, which in turn could adversely affect our business and growth.

We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

Upon completion of this offering, we will become a public company and expect to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the Nasdaq Global Market, impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly.

As a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the number of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

In addition, as an emerging growth company, we will still incur expenses in relation to management assessment according to requirements of Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant additional expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

Jinxin Technology is a Cayman Islands holding company primarily operating in China through its subsidiaries and contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jinxin. Investors in the ADSs thus are not purchasing, and may never directly hold, equity interests in the VIE. There may be changes from time to time regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations, and rules relating to the agreements that establish the VIE structure for our operations in China, which could affect the enforceability of our contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jinxin and, consequently, significantly affect the financial condition and results of operations of Jinxin Technology. If the PRC government determines such agreements non-compliant with relevant PRC laws, regulations, and rules, or if these laws, regulations, and rules or the interpretation thereof change in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in Shanghai Jinxin, which may materially and adversely affect our operations and the value of your investment.

Foreign ownership in entities that provide radio and television program production and operation services, Internet culture operation services, value-added telecommunication services and certain other services, with a few exceptions, is subject to restrictions under current PRC laws and regulations. Specifically, foreign ownership of a value-added telecommunication service provider may not exceed 50%, and foreign ownership is strictly prohibited from such providers engaging in radio and television program production and operation services and Internet culture operation services.

We are a company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, and Shanghai Mihe, the WFOE, is our indirect wholly-owned PRC subsidiary and a foreign-invested enterprise under the PRC laws. Accordingly, the WFOE is not eligible to engage in businesses of educational content services as they constitute radio and television program production and operation services, Internet culture operation services, value-added telecommunications services and certain other services that are subject to foreign ownership restriction. We currently conduct our business in China through Shanghai Jinxin, the VIE, and its subsidiaries, based on the contractual arrangements by and among the WFOE, the VIE and its shareholders. These contractual arrangements enable us to (1) be considered as the primary beneficiary of the VIE for accounting purposes and consolidate the financial results of the VIE, (2) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of the VIE, and (3) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in the VIE when and to the extent permitted by PRC laws. We have been and expect to continue to be dependent on the VIE to operate our business in China. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we have significant influence over and are the primary beneficiary of the VIE and consolidate the financial results of the VIE under U.S. GAAP. Investors in the ADSs are purchasing the equity securities of a Cayman Islands holding company, rather than the equity securities of the VIE or its subsidiaries. See “Corporate History and Structure” for further details.

As the contractual arrangements that establish the structure for operating our business in the PRC have not been tested in any of the PRC courts, if the contractual arrangements are found to be in violation of any existing or any PRC laws or regulations in the future, or the PRC government determines that we, or the VIE fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities, including the MIIT, MOFCOM and STA, would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including:

•        revoking the business and operating licenses;

•        discontinuing or restricting the operations;

•        imposing fines or confiscating any of the income from us that they deem to have been obtained through illegal operations;

•        requiring us to restructure our operations in such a way as to compel us to establish new entities, re-apply for the necessary licenses or relocate our business, staff and assets;

•        imposing additional conditions or requirements with which we may not be able to comply;

•        restricting or prohibiting the use of proceeds from the initial public offering or other financing activities to finance our business and operations in the PRC; or

•        taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to our business.

Any of these events could cause significant disruption to our business operations, and may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, it is unclear what impact the PRC government actions would have on us and on our ability to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements, if the PRC governmental authorities determine the VIE’s legal structure and contractual arrangements to be in violation of PRC laws, rules and regulations. If occurrences of any of these events results in our inability to direct the activities of Shanghai Jinxin or its subsidiaries, our failure to receive the economic benefits from the VIE and/or our inability to claim our contractual rights over the assets of the VIE that conducts substantially all of our operations in China, we may not be able to consolidate the financial results of the VIE into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and cause our ADSs to significantly decline in value or become worthless.

The interpretation and implementation of the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises are still evolving and substantial uncertainty exists with respect to whether we can complete the relevant filing with the existing VIE structure.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises, or the Trial Measures, which became effective on March 31, 2023. On the same date of the issuance of the Trial Measures, the CSRC circulated No. 1 to No. 5 Supporting Guidance Rules, the Notes on the Trial Measures, the Notice on Administration Arrangements for the Filing of Overseas Listings by Domestic Enterprises and the relevant CSRC Answers to Reporter Questions on the official website of the CSRC, or collectively, the Guidance Rules and Notice.

The Trial Measures stimulate that overseas securities offerings and listings by PRC companies, either in direct or indirect form, shall be filed with the CSRC, and no overseas offering and listing shall be made where the securities offering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules. These PRC companies are also required to obtain regulatory opinions, filings or approvals, etc. from their industry authorities, if applicable, for CSRC filing. CSRC further explained through CSRC Answers to Reporter Questions that the CSRC will consult with relevant industry authorities and complete filing of the overseas listings for enterprises using VIE structures that meet compliance requirements. For more details of the Trail Measures, please refer to “Regulation — Regulations Relating to M&A Rules and Overseas Listing”.

We are conducting businesses that are subject to foreign ownership restrictions through the VIE and its subsidiaries. Since the Trial Measures and the Guidance Rules and Notice are relatively new, its interpretation and implementation are still evolving. We cannot be sure whether we can complete the filing with our existing VIE structure, and any failure of fully complying with the Trial Measures may completely hinder our ability to offer and list our ADSs, cause significant disruption to our business operations, and severely damage our reputation, which would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jinxin and its shareholders for our operations in China, which may not be as effective in providing operational control as direct ownership, and Shanghai Jinxin’s shareholders may fail to perform their obligations under the contractual arrangements.

Due to the restrictions or prohibitions on foreign ownership of radio and television program production and operation services, Internet culture operation services, value-added telecommunications business and certain other services in the PRC under PRC laws, we operate substantially all of the business in the PRC through the VIE, in which we have no direct ownership interest. As such, Shanghai Mihe, the WFOE, entered into a series of contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jinxin, the VIE, and its shareholders. These contractual arrangements, however, may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over the VIE. For example, the VIE and its shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to conduct the operations of the VIE in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests.

Although we have been advised by our PRC legal counsel, that our contractual arrangements constitute valid and binding obligations enforceable against each party of such agreements in accordance with their terms, the contractual arrangements may not be as effective in providing control over Shanghai Jinxin as direct ownership. If we had direct ownership of Shanghai Jinxin, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of Shanghai Jinxin, which in turn could implement changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, we rely on the performance by Shanghai Jinxin and its shareholders of their obligations under the contracts to exercise control over Shanghai Jinxin. The shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin may not act in the best interests of our company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. If any dispute relating to these contracts remains unresolved, we will have to enforce our rights under these contracts through the operations of PRC law and arbitration, litigation and other legal proceedings. However, the contractual arrangements that establish the structure for operating our business in the PRC have not been tested in any of the PRC courts and there are very few precedents and little official guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a variable interest entity should be interpreted or enforced under PRC laws. There remain significant uncertainties regarding the outcome of arbitration or litigation. These uncertainties could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements or we experience significant delays or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert control over the VIE and may lose control over the assets owned by Shanghai Jinxin. Therefore, our contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jinxin may not be as effective in ensuring our control over the relevant portion of our business operations as direct ownership would be, which would adversely affect our business and financial performance.

The shareholders of the VIE may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us.

The shareholders of the VIE may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us. These shareholders may breach, or cause the VIE to breach, or refuse to renew, the existing contractual arrangements we have with them and the VIE, which would have a material and adverse effect on our contractual rights over the VIE and receive economic benefits from it. For example, the shareholders may be able to cause our agreements with the VIE to be performed in a manner adverse to us by, among other things, failing to remit payments due under the contractual arrangements to us on a timely basis. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of our company or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor.

Currently, we do not have any arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and our company, except that we could exercise our purchase option under the exclusive call option agreements with these shareholders to request them to transfer all of their equity interests in the VIE to a PRC entity or individual designated by us, to the extent permitted by PRC law. For individuals who are also our directors and officers, we rely on them to abide by the laws of the Cayman Islands, which provide that directors and officers owe a fiduciary duty to the company that requires them to act in good faith and in what they believe to be the best interests of the company and not to use their position for personal gains. The shareholders of the VIE have executed powers of attorney to appoint Shanghai Mihe or a person designated by Shanghai Mihe to vote on their behalf and exercise voting rights as shareholders of the VIE. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and the shareholders of the VIE, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

The shareholders of the VIE may be involved in personal disputes with third parties or other incidents that may have an adverse effect on their respective equity interests in the VIE and the validity or enforceability of our contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders. For example, in the event that any of the shareholders of the VIE divorces his or her spouse, the spouse may claim that the equity interest of the VIE held by such shareholder is part of their community property and should be divided between such shareholder and his or her spouse. If such claim is supported by the court, the relevant equity interest may be obtained by the shareholder’s spouse or another third party who is not subject to obligations under our contractual arrangements, which could result in a loss of the effective contractual rights over the VIE by us. Similarly, if any of the equity interests of the VIE is inherited by a third party with whom the current contractual arrangements are not binding, we could lose our contractual rights over the VIE or have to maintain such contractual rights by incurring unpredictable costs, which could cause significant disruption to our business and operations and harm our financial condition and results of operations.

Although under our current contractual arrangements, (i) each of the spouses of the shareholders of the VIE has respectively executed a spousal consent letter, under which each spouse agrees that she will take every action to ensure the performance of the contractual arrangements, and (ii) the VIE and its shareholders shall not assign any of

their respective rights or obligations to any third party without the prior written consent of Shanghai Mihe, we cannot assure you that these undertakings and arrangements will be complied with or effectively enforced. In the case any of them is breached or becomes unenforceable and leads to legal proceedings, it could disrupt our business, distract our management’s attention and subject us to substantial uncertainties as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

Our contractual arrangements may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and additional tax may be imposed which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.

Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements in relation to the VIE were not entered into on an arm’s length basis in such a way as to result in an impermissible reduction in taxes under applicable PRC laws, rules and regulations, and adjust income of the VIE in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could increase our tax liabilities. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on the VIE for the adjusted but unpaid taxes according to the applicable regulations. Our financial position could be materially and adversely affected if the VIE’s tax liabilities increase or if we are found to be subject to late payment fees and other penalties.

If we exercise the option to acquire equity ownership and assets of Shanghai Jinxin, the ownership or asset transfer may subject us to certain limitations and substantial costs.

According to the Regulations for the Administration of Foreign-Invested Telecommunications Enterprises (the “FITE Regulations”), foreign investors are not allowed to hold more than 50% of the equity interests in a company providing value-added telecommunications services. In addition, the main foreign investor who invests in a value-added telecommunications business in the PRC must obtain the basic telecommunications business license in the country or region of registration, and have the capital and professional staff appropriate for the business activity (the “Qualification Requirements”). Although we have taken many measures to meet the Qualification Requirements, we still face the risk of not satisfying the requirements promptly. If the PRC laws allow foreign investors to invest in value-added telecommunications enterprises in the PRC in the future, we may not be able to unwind the contractual arrangements before we are able to comply with the Qualification Requirements. Consequently, we may be ineligible to operate the VIE’s value-added telecommunication enterprises directly and may be forced to suspend the operations if the contractual arrangements are considered as invalid, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Pursuant to the contractual arrangements, Shanghai Mihe or its designated person(s) has the irrevocable and exclusive right to purchase all or any part of the equity interests in Shanghai Jinxin from its registered shareholders at any time and from time to time in Shanghai Mihe’s absolute discretion to the extent permitted by PRC laws. The equity transfer may be subject to the approvals from, or filings with, the MIIT, MOFCOM and SAMR and/or their local competent branches. In addition, the equity transfer price may be subject to review and tax adjustment by the relevant tax authorities. The equity transfer price to be received by Shanghai Jinxin under the contractual arrangements may also be subject to enterprise income tax, and such tax amounts could be substantial. Accordingly, in the event that we exercise the option to acquire equity ownership and/or assets of Shanghai Jinxin, substantial costs may be incurred, which may adversely and materially affect our financial performance.

The interpretation and implementation of the Foreign Investment Law are still evolving and substantial uncertainty exists with respect to how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress promulgated the Foreign Investment Law, which took effect on January 1, 2020. However, the Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly stipulate the contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. The Foreign Investment Law is formulated to establish regulatory principles to foreign investment within the PRC, aiming to further expand opening-up, vigorously promote foreign investment and protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors. Much detailed laws, regulations and rules relating to foreign investments are to be enacted by relevant regulatory authorities. As such, there may be changes from time to time in the regulatory regime and the interpretation and implementation of current and any future PRC laws and regulations applicable to the foreign investment.

Conducting operations through contractual arrangements has been adopted by many PRC-based companies, including us, to obtain and maintain necessary licenses and permits in the industries that are currently subject to foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions in China. The Foreign Investment Law stipulates that foreign investment includes foreign investors investing in China through any other methods under laws, administrative regulations, or provisions prescribed by the State Council. Therefore, there are possibilities that future laws, administrative regulations, or provisions of the State Council may stipulate contractual arrangements as a way of foreign investments, and then whether our contractual arrangements will be recognized as foreign investment, whether our contractual arrangements will be deemed to be in violation of the foreign investment access requirements and how our contractual arrangements will be handled are uncertain. In the extreme case-scenario, we may be required to unwind the contractual arrangements and/or dispose of the VIE, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and result of operations. In the event that our Company no longer has a sustainable business after the aforementioned unwinding of the contractual arrangements or disposal or when such measures do not comply with the listing rules or applicable laws, the relevant regulators may take enforcement actions against us which may have a material adverse effect on the trading of our Shares or even result in delisting of our Company.

We may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by the VIE that are critical to the operation of our business if the VIE declares bankruptcy or become subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.

The VIE holds certain assets that may be critical to the operation of our business, including permits, domain names and IP rights, among others. Under the contractual arrangements, the registered shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin may not voluntarily liquidate the VIE or approve them to sell, transfer, mortgage or dispose of their assets or legal or beneficial interests exceeding certain threshold in the business in any manner without our prior consent. However, in the event that the registered shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin breach this obligation and voluntarily liquidate the VIE, or if the VIE declares bankruptcy and all or part of their assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors or are otherwise disposed of without our consent, we may be unable to continue some or all of our operations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if the VIE undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, its shareholders or unrelated third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of its assets, thereby hindering our ability to operate our business, which could materially or adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We do not have priority pledges and liens against the assets of the VIE. If Shanghai Jinxin undergoes an involuntary liquidation proceeding, third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of its assets and we may not have priority against such third-party creditors on the assets of Shanghai Jinxin. If Shanghai Jinxin liquidates, we may take part in the liquidation procedures as a general creditor under the PRC Enterprise Bankruptcy Law and recover any outstanding liabilities owed by Shanghai Jinxin to Jinxin Technology under the applicable agreement(s).

We may rely on dividends and other payments from Shanghai Mihe to fund cash and financing requirements, and any limitation on the ability of Shanghai Mihe to pay dividends to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and pay dividends to our shareholders.

We are a holding company, and we rely principally on dividends and other distributions paid by our subsidiaries in China for our cash needs, including paying dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, servicing any debt we may incur and paying our operating expenses. If Shanghai Mihe incur debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. In addition, the income of Shanghai Mihe in turn depends on the service fees paid by Shanghai Jinxin and the PRC tax authorities may require us to adjust our taxable income under the contractual arrangements in a manner that would materially and adversely affect its ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us.

There is no assurance the PRC government will not impose restrictions and limitations on the ability of Jinxin Technology Holding Company, our subsidiaries, and the VIE to transfer cash. To the extent cash or assets are held in mainland China or by a mainland China entity, the funds or assets may not be available to fund operations or for other use outside of mainland China due to certain administrative and procedural requirements on foreign exchange and limitations on the ability of Jinxin Technology Holding Company, our subsidiaries, or the VIE to transfer cash or assets. While there are currently no such restrictions or limitations in Hong Kong on cash transfers to, or from, entities in Hong Kong, if certain PRC laws and regulations, including existing laws and regulations and those enacted or promulgated in the future, were to become applicable to our Hong Kong subsidiary in the future, and to the extent our cash or assets are in Hong Kong or a Hong Kong entity, such funds or assets may not be available due to certain administrative and procedural requirements on foreign exchange and limitations on our ability to transfer funds or assets.

Current PRC laws and regulations permit our subsidiaries in China to pay dividends to us only out of its retained earnings, if any, determined in accordance with Chinese accounting standards and regulations and Shanghai Mihe shall make up its losses of previous years when conducting outward remittance. Under the applicable requirements of PRC laws and regulations, Shanghai Mihe is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards each year to fund certain statutory reserves until the accumulated amount of such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. At its discretion, Shanghai Mihe may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to its discretionary reserve fund, or its staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserve funds and staff welfare and bonus funds are not distributable as cash dividends. Any limitation on the ability of Shanghai Mihe to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

The approval, filing or other requirements of the China Securities Regulatory Commission or other PRC government authorities may be required in connection with this offering under PRC law. Any failure of fully complying with the approval, filing or other requirements may completely hinder our ability to offer our ordinary shares, cause significant disruption to our business operations, and severely damage our reputation, which would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC issued the Trial Administrative Measures of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises, or the Trial Measures, which became effective on March 31, 2023. On the same date of the issuance of the Trial Measures, the CSRC circulated No. 1 to No. 5 Supporting Guidance Rules, the Notes on the Trial Measures, the Notice on Administration Arrangements for the Filing of Overseas Listings by Domestic Enterprises and the relevant CSRC Answers to Reporter Questions on the official website of the CSRC, or collectively, the Guidance Rules and Notice. The Trial Measures stimulate that overseas securities offerings and listing by PRC companies, either in direct or indirect form, shall be filed with the CSRC (“CSRC Filing”). Under the Trial Measures and the Guidance Rules and Notice, no overseas offering and listing shall be made by PRC companies, whether in direct or indirect form, where such offering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules, including the Market Access Negative List (2022 Edition) issued by the NDRC and MOFCOM, the Guiding Opinions of the State Council on Establishing a Sound System of Joint Incentives for Honesty and Joint Punishments for Dishonesty to Accelerate the Development of Social Integrity, and other laws, administrative regulations and relevant state provisions that restrict or prohibit listing and financing in the areas of industrial policy, production safety and industry supervision. PRC companies intending overseas offering and listing are required to obtain regulatory opinions, filings or approvals from government authorities of correspondent industries, if applicable, for CSRC Filing. The Trial Measures also stipulate that no overseas offering and listing shall be made where the intended securities offering and listing may endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent government authorities under the State Council in accordance with PRC law. PRC companies intending overseas offering and listing shall strictly comply with relevant laws, administrative regulations and rules concerning national security in spheres of foreign investment, cybersecurity, data security and etc. If the intended overseas offering and listing necessitates a national security review, relevant security review procedures shall be completed before the application for such offering and listing is submitted to any overseas parties such as securities regulatory agencies and trading venues. A PRC company that seeks to offer and list securities in overseas markets shall, as required by competent government authorities under the State Council, take measures such as timely rectification, commitment and divestiture of relevant business and assets, to eliminate or avert any impact on national security resulting from such overseas offering and listing.

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, Ministry of Finance of the PRC, National Administration of State Secrets Protection and National Archives Administration of China jointly issued the Provisions on Strengthening the Confidentiality and Archive Management Work Relating to the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing, or the Confidentiality Provisions, which came into effect on March 31, 2023 with the Trial Administrative Measures. The Confidentiality Provisions require that, among other things, (a) a domestic company that plans to, either directly or through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals or entities including securities companies, securities service providers and overseas regulators, any documents and materials that contain state secrets or working secrets of government agencies, shall first obtain approval from competent authorities according to law, and file with the secrecy administrative department at the same level; and (b) domestic company that plans to, either directly or through its overseas listed entity, publicly disclose or provide to relevant individuals and entities including

securities companies, securities service providers and overseas regulators, any other documents and materials that, if leaked, will be detrimental to national security or public interest, shall strictly fulfill relevant procedures stipulated by applicable national regulations. For more details of the Trail Measures and the Confidentiality Provisions, please refer to “Regulation — Regulations Relating to M&A Rules and Overseas Listing”.

According to the Trial Measures, we are required to submit to the CSRC and complete the filing procedure before our overseas initial public offering and listing. As the Trial Measures and the Confidentiality Provisions were newly published and there exists uncertainty with respect to the filing requirements and its implementation, we cannot be sure that we will be able to complete such filings in a timely manner. Any failure of fully complying with the Trial Measures may completely hinder our ability to offer and list our ADSs, cause significant disruption to our business operations, and severely damage our reputation, which would materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Similar to situations of many other countries, the PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on the China operations of an offshore holding company, such as us. Therefore, investors in the ADSs and our business face potential uncertainty from the PRC government’s policy. Changes in China’s economic or social conditions, or government policies may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Substantially all of our operations are located in China. Accordingly, our results of operations, financial condition and prospects are influenced by economic, political and legal developments in China. As the PRC government continues to play a significant role in regulating industrial development, allocation of natural and other resources, production, pricing and management of currency, we cannot predict whether changes in China’s economic or social conditions or government policies will have any adverse effect on our current or future business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our ability to successfully expand business operations in the PRC depends on a number of factors, including macro-economic and other market conditions. Demand for our services and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected by the following factors:

•        changes in economic or social conditions of the PRC;

•        changes in laws, regulations, and administrative directives or the interpretation thereof;

•        measures which may be introduced to control inflation or deflation; and

•        changes in the rate or method of taxation.

These factors are affected by a number of variables which are beyond our control.

We are subject to extensive and evolving legal development, non-compliance with which, or changes in which, may materially and adversely affect our business and prospects, and may result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ADSs or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes, where prior court decisions have limited precedential value. The laws, regulations and policies of the PRC may be amended from time to time. Recently, the PRC government is enhancing supervision over companies seeking listings overseas and some specific business or activities such as the use of variable interest entities and data security or anti-monopoly. The PRC government may adopt new measures that may affect our operations. In addition they may also exert more oversight over offerings conducted outside of China and foreign investment in China-based companies, which could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our ordinary shares to investors, result in a material change in our operation and cause the value of our ordinary shares to significantly decline or become worthless. We may be subject to challenges brought by these new laws, regulations and policies. However, since these laws, regulations and policies are relatively new and may be amended from time to time, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and there may be changes as to the enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules. Furthermore, as we may be subject to additional, yet undetermined, laws and regulations, compliance may require us to obtain additional permits and licenses,

complete or update registrations with relevant regulatory authorities, adjust our business operations, as well as allocate additional resources to monitor developments in the relevant regulatory environment. However, under the stringent regulatory environment, it may take much more time for the relevant regulatory authorities to approve new applications for permits and licenses, and complete or update registrations and we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with these laws and regulations in a timely manner or at all. The failure to comply with these laws and regulations may delay, or possibly prevent, us to conduct business, accept foreign investments, or listing overseas.

The occurrence of any of these events may materially and adversely affect our business and prospects and may result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our ADSs or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. In addition, if any of changes causes us unable to direct the activities of the VIE or lose the right to receive their economic benefits, we may not be able to consolidate the VIE into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which could cause the value of our ADSs to significantly decline or become worthless.

There may be changes from time to time to the interpretation and implementation of the PRC laws, regulations and policies regarding the online private education industry. In particular, our compliance with the Opinions on Further Alleviating the Burden of Homework and After-School Tutoring for Students in Compulsory Education and the implementation measures issued thereunder by the relevant PRC government authorities has materially and adversely affected and will materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospect.

The PRC private education industry, especially the after-school tutoring sector, has experienced intense scrutiny and has been subject to significant regulatory changes recently. In particular, the Opinions on Further Alleviating the Burden of Homework and After-School Tutoring for Students in Compulsory Education jointly promulgated by the General Office of State Council and the General Office of Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on July 24, 2021, or the Alleviating Burden Opinion, sets out a series of operating requirements on after-school tutoring institutions, including, among other things, (i) local government authorities shall no longer approve any new after-school tutoring institutions providing tutoring services on academic subjects for students in compulsory education, or the Academic AST Institutions, and all the existing Academic AST Institutions shall be registered as non-profit, and local government authorities shall no longer approve any new after-school tutoring institutions providing tutoring services on academic subjects for pre-school-age children and students in grade ten to twelve; (ii) online Academic AST Institutions that have filed with the local education administration authorities will be subject to review and re-approval procedures by competent government authorities, and any failure to obtain such approval will result in the cancellation of its previous filing and ICP license; (iii) Academic AST Institutions are prohibited from raising funds by listing on stock markets or conducting any capitalization activities and listed companies are prohibited from investing in Academic AST Institutions through capital markets fund raising activities, or acquiring assets of Academic AST Institutions by paying cash or issuing securities; and (iv) foreign capital is prohibited from controlling or participating in any Academic AST Institutions through mergers and acquisitions, entrusted operation, joining franchise or variable interest entities.

We are committed to complying with all applicable PRC laws and regulations, including the Alleviating Burden Opinion. The VIE ceased to provide online tutoring services by the end of 2021 and has taken actions to restructure our business and operations, including implementing staff optimization plans, to maintain our continued operations. We will continue to seek guidance from and cooperate with all relevant government authorities in China, and we will further adjust our business operations as required. However, due to the complexity and substantial uncertainty of the regulatory environment, we cannot assure you that our operations would be in full compliance with applicable laws, regulations and policies in a timely manner, or at all. Although we do not expect that the Alleviating Burden Opinion and other PRC laws and regulations relating to after-school tutoring currently in effect will adversely impact our ability to conduct our current business, accept foreign investments or list on a U.S. or other foreign exchange, we cannot rule out the possibility that the PRC government will in the future release regulations or policies regarding our industry that could affect or influence our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may become subject to fines or other penalties or be required to terminate certain operations, in which case our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected further.

We are subject to the oversight of the CAC and it is unclear how such oversight may impact us. Our business could be interrupted or we could be subject to liabilities which may materially and adversely affect the results of our operation and the value of your investment.

On December 28, 2021, the CAC and other ministries and commissions jointly promulgated the Cybersecurity Review Measures (the “Measures”), which came into effect on February 15, 2022, targeting to further restate and expand the applicable scope of the cybersecurity review. Pursuant to the Measures, critical information infrastructure operators that intend to purchase internet products and services and online platform operators engaging in data processing activities that affect or may affect national security must be subject to cybersecurity review. The Measures further stipulate that if an online platform operator possesses the personal information of more than one million users and intends to list in a foreign country, it shall proactively apply to the Office of Cybersecurity Review for cybersecurity review.

Regulatory requirements on cybersecurity and data security in the PRC are constantly evolving and can be subject to varying interpretations or significant changes, which may result in uncertainties about the scope of our responsibilities in that regard. However, given that Shanghai Jinxin is an online platform operator possesses the personal information of more than one million users, we are required by the Measures to apply for a cybersecurity review in connection with this offering. As of the date of this prospectus, we have applied for and completed the cybersecurity review for this offering and listing pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures, and have not been subject to any administrative penalties by the CAC for violation of any regulations and policies issued by the CAC. We believe that we are compliant with the existing regulations and policies issued by the CAC regarding the cybersecurity review as of the date of this prospectus.

We are subject to a variety of laws and other obligations regarding data protection, and any failure to comply with applicable laws and obligations could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to a variety of laws and other obligations regarding data protection. These laws continue to develop, and the PRC government may adopt other rules and restrictions in the future. Non-compliance could result in penalties or other significant legal liabilities.

The PRC Data Security Law, which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on June 10, 2021 and took effect on September 1, 2021, requires data collection to be conducted in a legitimate and proper manner, and stipulates that, for the purpose of data protection, data processing activities must be conducted based on data classification and hierarchical protection system for data security. Furthermore, the recently issued Opinions on Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities in Accordance with the Law require (i) speeding up the revision of the provisions on strengthening the confidentiality and archives management relating to overseas issuance and listing of securities and (ii) improving the laws and regulations relating to data security, cross-border data flow, and management of confidential information.

In addition, the PRC State Administration for Market Regulation, or the SAMR, and the PRC Standardization Administration jointly issued the Standard of Information Security Technology — Personal Information Security Specification (2020 edition), which took effect on October 2020. Pursuant to this standard, any person or entity who has the authority or right to determine the purposes for and methods of using or processing personal information is considered a personal information controller. Such personal information controller is required to collect information in accordance with applicable laws, and except in certain specific events that are expressly exempted in the standard, prior to collecting such data, the information provider’s consent is required. Furthermore, the CAC issued the Provisions on the Cyber Protection of Children’s Personal Information, which took effect on October 1, 2019. According to these provisions, no person or entity is allowed to produce, release, or disseminate information that infringes upon the personal information security of children aged below 14. Network operators collecting, storing, using, transferring, or disclosing children’s personal information are required to enact special protections for such information.

The Office of the Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security, and the SAMR jointly issued an announcement on January 23, 2019 regarding carrying out special campaigns against mobile internet application programs collecting and using of personal information in violation of applicable laws and regulations, which prohibits business operators from collecting personal information irrelevant to their services and from forcing users to give authorization in a disguised manner. On

October 31, 2019, the MIIT issued the Notice on the Special Rectification of Mobile Apps Infringing Users’ Rights and Interests, pursuant to which application providers were required to promptly rectify issues that the MIIT designated as infringing application users’ rights such as collecting personal information in violation of PRC regulations and setting obstacles for user account deactivation. In July 2020, the MIIT issued the Notice on Conducting Special Rectification Actions in Depth Against the Infringement upon Users’ Rights and Interests by Applications, to rectify the following issues: (i) illegal collection and use of personal information of users by an application and a software development kit, (ii) setting up obstacles and frequently harassing users, (iii) cheating and misleading users, and (iv) inadequate implementation of application distribution platforms’ responsibilities.

The above laws and regulations and recent events and pronouncements indicate greater oversight by Chinese regulators in terms of data protection and cybersecurity. Such laws, regulations and associated interpretation and implementation are evolving rapidly and may place restrictions on our business operations and the manner in which we interact with customers. In addition, compliance with any additional laws could be expensive and any failure to comply with applicable cybersecurity, privacy, and data protection laws and regulations could result in proceedings, penalties and legal liabilities against us, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations, and/or the value of our ADSs or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors. In addition, if any of these events causes us unable to direct the activities of the VIE or lose the right to receive their economic benefits, we may not be able to consolidate the VIE into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which could cause the value of our ADSs to significantly decline or become worthless.

You may experience difficulties in effecting service of legal process, enforcing foreign judgments or bringing actions in China against us or our management named in the prospectus based on foreign laws.

The legal framework to which our Company is subject is materially different from the Companies Ordinance or corporate law in the United States and other jurisdictions with respect to certain areas. In addition, the mechanisms for enforcement of rights under the corporate governance framework to which our Company is subject are also relatively untested. However, according to the PRC Company Law, shareholders may commence a derivative action against the directors, supervisors, officers or any third party on behalf of a company under certain circumstances.

On July 14, 2006, the Supreme People’s Court of the PRC and the Government of Hong Kong signed the Arrangement on Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters by the Courts of the Mainland and of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Pursuant to Choice of Court Agreements between Parties Concerned. Under such an arrangement, where any designated people’s court in the PRC or any designated Hong Kong court has made an enforceable final judgment requiring payment of money in a civil and commercial case pursuant to a choice of court agreement in writing by the parties, any party concerned may apply to the relevant people’s court in the PRC or Hong Kong court for recognition and enforcement of the judgment. Although this arrangement became effective on August 1, 2008, the outcome and effectiveness of any action brought under the arrangement may still be uncertain.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands, however, we conduct substantially all of our operations in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. In addition, all our directors and executive officers, namely, Mr. Jin Xu, Mr. Jun Jiang, Mr. Feifei Huang and Mr. Huazhen Xu, reside within China for a significant portion of the time and all of them are PRC nationals. Therefore, your ability to effect service of process upon us or our management inside the PRC may be limited. It may also be difficult for you to enforce in U.S. courts of the judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or the PRC would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state.

The recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on principles of reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other forms of written arrangement with the United States that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, the PRC courts will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC laws or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, and similar to situations of many other countries, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a

PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States. Furthermore, judgment of United States courts will not be directly enforced in Hong Kong. There are currently no treaties or other arrangements providing for reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments between Hong Kong and the United States.

There may be a lack of mechanisms of international cooperation for overseas regulatory bodies to conduct investigation or inspections of our operations in China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigation are common in the United States, but it may be difficult to bring cross-border claims or directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China in lack of international cooperation mechanism. For example, China has adopted a revised securities law that became effective on March 1, 2020, Article 177 of which provides, among other things, that no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without governmental approval in China, no entity or individual in China may provide documents and information relating to securities business activities to overseas regulators when it is under direct investigation or evidence discovery conducted by overseas regulators, which could present limitations to obtaining information needed for investigations and litigation conducted outside of China.

If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with its “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or the SAT, issued a circular, known as SAT Circular 82, as last amended in 2017, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” text should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China, and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location of the day-to-day operational management is in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

We believe none of our entities outside of China is a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and the interpretation of the term “de facto management body” is still evolving. If the PRC tax authorities determine that Jinxin Technology. is a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we could be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 25% on our worldwide income, which could materially reduce our net income, and we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises, including the holders of our ADSs. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders (including our ADS holders) may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 10% on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within China. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends payable to our non-PRC individual shareholders (including our ADS holders) and any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares by such shareholders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 10% in the case of non-PRC enterprises or a rate of 20% in the case of non-PRC individuals unless a reduced rate is available under an applicable tax treaty. It is unclear whether non-PRC shareholders of our company would be able to claim the benefits of any tax treaties between their country of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs or ordinary shares.

We face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfer of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

We face uncertainties regarding the reporting on and consequences of previous private equity financing transactions involving the transfer and exchange of shares in our company by non-resident investors. In February 2015, the SAT issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7. Pursuant to SAT Bulletin 7, an “indirect transfer” of PRC assets, including a transfer of equity interests in an unlisted non-PRC holding company of a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of the underlying PRC assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. SAT Bulletin 7 does not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange. On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which came into effect on December 1, 2017. SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of nonresident enterprise income tax.

We face uncertainties on the reporting and consequences of future private equity financing transactions, share exchanges or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises. The PRC tax authorities may pursue such non-resident enterprises with respect to a filing or the transferees with respect to a withholding obligation, and request our PRC subsidiaries to assist in the filing. As a result, we and non-resident enterprises in such transactions may become at risk of being subject to filing obligations or being taxed under SAT Bulletin 7 and SAT Bulletin 37, and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with them or to establish that we and such non-resident enterprises should not be taxed under these bulletins, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions in China and China’s foreign exchange policies. Considering the economic situation and financial market developments in the PRC and abroad and the balance of payments situation in the PRC, the PRC government has decided to proceed further with reform of the Renminbi exchange rate regime and to enhance the Renminbi exchange rate flexibility.

Any appreciation or depreciation in the value of the Renminbi or other foreign currencies that our operations are exposed to will affect our business in different ways. In addition, changes in foreign exchange rates may have an impact on the value of, and any dividends payable on, the Shares in Hong Kong dollars. In such events, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

China’s M&A Rules and certain other PRC regulations establish complex procedures for certain acquisitions of PRC companies by foreign investors, which could make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

A number of PRC laws and regulations have established procedures and requirements regarding the merger and acquisition activities in China by foreign investors. In addition to the Anti-monopoly Law itself, these include the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, and the Rules of the Ministry of Commerce on Implementation of Security Review System of Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the Security Review Rules, promulgated in 2011. These laws and regulations impose requirements in some instances that the PRC Ministry of Commerce be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise. In addition, the Anti-Monopoly Law requires that the PRC Ministry of Commerce be notified in advance of any concentration of undertaking if certain thresholds are triggered. Moreover, the Security Review Rules specify that mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors that raise “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions through which foreign investors may acquire de

facto control over domestic enterprises that raise “national security” concerns are subject to strict review by the PRC Ministry of Commerce, and prohibit any attempt to bypass a security review, including by structuring the transaction through a proxy or contractual control arrangement.

In the future, we may grow our business by acquiring complementary businesses. Complying with the requirements of the relevant regulations to complete such transactions could be time consuming, and any required approval processes, including approval from the PRC Ministry of Commerce, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand business or maintain market share. Furthermore, according to the M&A Rules, if a PRC entity or individual plans to merger or acquire its related PRC entity through an overseas company legitimately incorporated or controlled by such entity or individual, such a merger and acquisition will be subject to examination and approval by the Ministry of Commerce. There is a possibility that the PRC regulators may promulgate new rules or explanations requiring that we obtain the approval of the Ministry of Commerce or other PRC governmental authorities for our completed or ongoing mergers and acquisitions. Any action by the PRC government to exert more oversight and control over foreign investment in China-based companies could result in a material change in our operation, cause the value of our ordinary shares to significantly decline or become worthless, and significantly limit, or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer our ordinary shares to investors.

Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject our share incentive plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

In February 2012, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed Company, replacing earlier rules promulgated in 2007. Pursuant to these rules, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year and participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiaries of such overseas-listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas-entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. We and our executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year and who have been granted options will be subject to these regulations when our company becomes an overseas-listed company upon the completion of this offering. Failure to complete SAFE registrations may subject them to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into our PRC subsidiaries and limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us. The relevant regulations are still evolving and could restrict our ability to adopt additional incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under PRC law. See “Regulation — Regulations Relating to Foreign Debts, Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution.”

In addition, the SAT has issued certain circulars concerning employee share options and restricted shares. Under these circulars, our employees working in China who exercise share options or are granted restricted shares will be subject to PRC individual income tax. Our PRC subsidiaries have obligations to file documents related to employee share options or restricted shares with relevant tax authorities and to withhold individual income taxes of those employees who exercise their share options. If our employees fail to pay or we fail to withhold their income taxes according to relevant laws and regulations, we may face sanctions imposed by the tax authorities or other PRC government authorities. See “Regulation — Regulations Relating to Taxation.”

PRC regulations relating to offshore investment activities by PRC residents may limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to change their registered capital or distribute profits to us or otherwise expose us or our PRC resident beneficial owners to liability and penalties under PRC laws.

In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment Through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities as well as foreign individuals that are deemed as PRC residents for foreign exchange administration purpose) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing with such PRC residents or entities’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests. In February 2015, SAFE promulgated a Circular on Further Simplifying and Improving Foreign Exchange Administration Policy on Direct Investment, or SAFE Circular 13, effective in June 2015. Under SAFE Circular 13, applications for foreign exchange registration

of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound overseas direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37, will be filed with qualified banks instead of SAFE. The qualified banks will directly examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of SAFE. SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the SAFE registrations in the event of any changes with respect to the basic information of the offshore special purpose vehicle, such as change of a PRC individual shareholder, name and operation term, or any significant changes with respect to the offshore special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contribution, share transfer or exchange, or mergers or divisions. SAFE Circular 37 and SAFE Circular 13 are applicable to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future.

Failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in the SAFE Circular 37 and SAFE Circular No. 13 or making misrepresentation on or failure to disclose controllers of the foreign-invested enterprise that is established through round-trip investment, may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of our PRC subsidiaries, including payment of dividends and other distributions, such as proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation, to its offshore parent or affiliate, and the capital inflow from the offshore parent, and may also subject our beneficial owners who are PRC residents to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations.

We have notified all PRC individuals or entities who directly or indirectly hold shares in our Cayman Islands holding company and who are known to us as being PRC residents to complete the foreign exchange registrations. However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents or entities holding direct or indirect interest in our company, nor can we compel our beneficial owners to comply with SAFE registration requirements. We cannot assure you that all shareholders or beneficial owners of ours who are PRC residents or entities have complied with, and will in the future make, obtain or update any applicable registrations or approvals required by, SAFE regulations.

The failure or inability of such shareholders or beneficial owners to comply with SAFE regulations, or failure by us to amend the foreign exchange registrations of our PRC subsidiaries, could subject us to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends to us or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans to our PRC subsidiary and the VIE in China, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through the VIE and its subsidiaries. We may make loans to the WFOE and the VIE, we may make additional capital contributions to the WFOE, we may establish new PRC subsidiaries and make capital contributions to these new PRC subsidiaries, or we may acquire offshore entities with business operations in China in an offshore transaction.

Most of these ways are subject to PRC regulations and approvals. For example, Shanghai Mihe may not procure loans which exceed the difference between its total investment amount and registered capital or, as an alternative, only procure loans subject to the calculation approach and limitation as provided by applicable PRC laws. See “Regulations — Regulations Relating to Foreign Debts, Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution” for a detailed description of such limits. We may also provide loans to Shanghai Jinxin according to the Notice of the People’s Bank of China on Matters concerning the Macro-Prudential Management of Full-Covered Cross-Border Financing, or PBOC Notice No. 9. According to the Circular of the People’s Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”) on Raising the Macro-prudential Regulation Parameter for Enterprises Cross-border Financing in October 2022, the limit for the total amount of foreign debt of Shanghai Jinxin is 2.5 times of its respective net assets. Moreover, any loans by us to our PRC subsidiaries or VIE are subject to PRC regulations and foreign exchange loan registrations and must be registered with the SAFE, or its local counterparts, or filed with SAFE in its information system. In addition, any loans by us to our PRC subsidiary or the VIE with a term of more than 1 year must also be filed and registered with the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC. We may also decide to finance Shanghai Mihe by means of capital contributions. There is, in effect, no statutory limit on the amount of capital contribution that we can make to Shanghai Mihe. This is because there is no statutory limit on the amount of registered capital for Shanghai Mihe, and we are allowed to make capital contributions to Shanghai Mihe by subscribing for its increased registered capital. These capital contributions must be recorded with the Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM, or its local counterpart.

SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular 19, effective June 2015, in replacement of a former regulation. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 19, up to 100% of foreign currency capital of a FIE may be converted into RMB capital according to the actual operation, and within the business scope, of the enterprise at its will. Although SAFE Circular 19 allows for the use of RMB converted from the foreign currency-denominated capital for equity investments in the PRC, the restrictions continue to apply as to FIEs’ use of the converted RMB for purposes beyond the business scope, for entrusted loans or for inter-company RMB loans. On June 9, 2016, SAFE promulgated the Notice of the SAFE on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account, or SAFE Circular 16, effective on June 9, 2016, which reiterates some rules set forth in Circular 19, but changes the prohibition against using RMB capital converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital of a FIE to issue RMB entrusted loans to a prohibition against using such capital to issue loans to non-affiliated enterprises. On October 23, 2019, the SAFE issued the Notice of the SAFE on Further Facilitating Cross-border Trade and Investment, which, among other things, expanded the use of foreign exchange capital to domestic equity investment area. Non-investment foreign-funded enterprises are allowed to lawfully make domestic equity investments by using their capital on the premise without violation to prevailing special administrative measures for access of foreign investments (Negative List) and the authenticity and compliance with the regulations of domestic investment projects. If the VIE requires financial support from us or our wholly owned subsidiaries in the future and we find it necessary to use foreign currency-denominated capital to provide such financial support, our ability to fund the VIE’s operations will be subject to statutory limits and restrictions, including those described above.

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans to our entities in the PRC. If we fail to receive such registrations or approvals, our ability to use the net proceeds from this offering and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

PRC governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. The majority of our income is received in Renminbi and shortages in the availability of foreign currencies may restrict our ability to pay dividends or other payments, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency denominated obligations, if any. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. Approval from appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of the PRC to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government may, at its discretion, impose restrictions on access to foreign currencies for current account transactions and if this occurs in the future, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our Shareholders.

Inflation in the PRC could negatively affect our profitability and growth.

The economy of the PRC experienced significant growth, leading to inflation and increased labor costs. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the year-over-year percent change in the consumer price index was 1.5% in December 2021 and 1.8% in December 2022. The PRC overall economy and the average wage in the PRC are expected to continue to grow. Future increases in the PRC’s inflation and material increases in the cost of labor may materially and adversely affect our profitability and results of operations unless we are able to pass on these costs to customers by increasing the price of services.

Our ADSs will be prohibited from trading in the United States under the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, or the HFCAA, if it is later determined that the PCAOB is unable to inspect and investigate completely our auditor. The delisting of and prohibition from trading our ADSs, or the threat of their being delisted and prohibited from trading, may cause the value of our ADSs to significantly decline or be worthless.

Pursuant to the HFCAA, if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspections by the PCAOB for two consecutive years, the SEC will prohibit our shares or ADSs from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States.

On December 18, 2020, the HFCAA was signed into law. The HFCAA has since then been subject to amendments by the U.S. Congress and interpretations and rulemaking by the SEC. On June 22, 2021, the U.S. Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “AHFCAA”), which proposes to reduce the period of time for foreign companies to comply with PCAOB audits from three to two consecutive years, thus reducing the time period before the securities of such foreign companies may be prohibited from trading or delisted. On December 29, 2022, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 was signed into law, which contained, among other things, an identical provision to the AHFCAA, and reduced the number of consecutive non-inspection years required for triggering the prohibitions under the HFCAA from three years to two.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a report to notify the SEC of its determination relating to the PCAOB’s inability to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China made it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of these accounting firms’ audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to the PCAOB inspections, which could cause existing and potential investors in issuers operating in China to lose confidence in such issuers’ procedures and reported financial information and the quality of financial statements.

Our auditor, WWC Professional Corporation, an independent registered public accounting firm that is headquartered in the United States and issues the audit report included elsewhere in this prospectus, is currently subject to PCAOB inspections and has been inspected by the PCAOB on a regular basis.

On December 15, 2022, the PCAOB released a statement confirming it has secured complete access to inspect and investigate registered public accounting firms headquartered in mainland China and Hong Kong, and it issued the 2022 HFCAA Determination Report to vacate its precious determinations to the contrary. The PCAOB is continuing to demand complete access, and it will act immediately to reconsider such determinations should China obstruct, or otherwise fail to facilitate the PCAOB’s access, at any time.

Further developments related to the HFCAA could add uncertainties to our offering. We cannot assure you what further actions the SEC, the PCAOB or the stock exchanges will take to address these issues and what impact such actions will have on companies that have significant operations in the PRC and have securities listed on a U.S. stock exchange (including a national securities exchange or over-the-counter stock market). In addition, any additional actions, proceedings, or new rules resulting from these efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could create uncertainty for investors, the market price of our ordinary shares could be adversely affected, and we could be delisted if we and our auditor are unable to meet the PCAOB inspection requirement. Such a delisting would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our ordinary shares when you wish to do so, and would have a negative impact on the price of our shares and ADSs.

Recent litigation and negative publicity surrounding China-based companies listed in the United States may negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs.

We believe that recent litigation and negative publicity surrounding companies with operations in China that are listed in the United States have negatively impacted the stock prices of these companies. Certain politicians in the United States have publicly warned investors to shun China-based companies listed in the United States. The SEC and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or the PCAOB, also issued a joint statement on April 21, 2020, reiterating the disclosure, financial reporting and other risks involved in the investments in companies that are based in emerging markets as well as the limited remedies available to investors who might take legal action against such companies. Furthermore, various equity-based research organizations have recently published reports

on China-based companies after examining their corporate governance practices, related party transactions, sales practices and financial statements, and these reports have led to special investigations and listing suspensions on U.S. national exchanges. Any similar scrutiny on us, regardless of its lack of merit, could cause the market price of our ADSs to fall, divert management resources and energy, cause us to incur expenses in defending ourselves against rumors, and increase the premiums we pay for director and officer insurance.

The current tension in international trade, particularly with regard to U.S. and China trade policies, may adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Although cross-border business may not be an area of our focus, since we plan to expand our business internationally in the future, any unfavorable government policies on international trade, such as capital controls or tariffs, may affect the demand for our products and services, impact our competitive position, or prevent us from being able to conduct business in certain countries. If any new tariffs, legislation, or regulations are implemented, or if existing trade agreements are renegotiated, such changes could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Although the direct impact of the current international trade tension, and any escalation of such tension, on the edutainment industry in China is uncertain, the negative impact on general, economic, political and social conditions may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our ADSs and This Offering

An active trading market for our ordinary shares or our ADSs may not develop and the trading price for our ADSs may fluctuate significantly.

We plan to apply to list our ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market. Prior to the completion of this offering, there has been no public market for our ADSs or our ordinary shares, and we cannot assure you that a liquid public market for our ADSs will develop. If an active public market for our ADSs does not develop following the completion of this offering, the market price and liquidity of our ADSs may be materially and adversely affected. The initial public offering price for our ADSs will be determined by negotiation between us and the underwriter based upon several factors, and the trading price of our ADSs after this offering could decline below the initial public offering price. As a result, investors in our securities may experience a significant decrease in the value of their ADSs.

The trading price of the ADSs is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

The trading price of the ADSs is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for the ADSs may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

•        variations in our and the revenue from us, earnings, cash flow and data related to the VIE’s user base;

•        announcements of new investments, acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures by us or our competitors;

•        announcements of new product and service offerings, solutions and expansions by us or our competitors;

•        changes in financial estimates by securities analysts;

•        detrimental adverse publicity about us, our products and services or industry;

•        additions or departures of key personnel;

•        release of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding equity securities or sales of additional equity securities; and

•        actual or potential litigation or regulatory investigations.

Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the volume and price at which the ADSs will trade. Furthermore, the stock market in general experiences price and volume fluctuations that are often unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of companies like us. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our ADSs. Volatility or a lack of positive performance in our ADS price may also adversely affect our ability to retain key employees, most of whom have been granted equity incentives.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the ADSs will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If research analysts do not establish and maintain adequate research coverage or if one or more analysts who cover us downgrade the ADSs or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about the business of us, the market price for the ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for the ADSs to decline.

We currently do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future after this offering and you must rely on price appreciation of our ADSs for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings after this offering to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in our ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiaries, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in our ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of our ADSs. There is no guarantee that our ADSs will appreciate in value after this offering or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in our ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in our ADSs.

We have not determined a specific use for a portion of the net proceeds from this offering and we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may not agree.

We have not determined a specific use for a portion of the net proceeds of this offering, and our management will have considerable discretion in deciding how to apply these proceeds. You will not have the opportunity to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately before you make your investment decision. You must rely on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the net proceeds of this offering. We cannot assure you that the net proceeds will be used in a manner that would improve our results of operations or increase the ADS price, nor that these net proceeds will be placed only in investments that generate income or appreciate in value.

Substantial future sales or perceived potential sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Sales of our ADSs in the public market after this offering, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. All ADSs sold in this offering will be freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act. The remaining ordinary shares issued and outstanding after this offering will be available for sale, upon the expiration of the 180-day lock-up period beginning from the date of this prospectus, subject to volume and other restrictions as applicable provided in Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act. Any or all of these shares may be released prior to the expiration of the lock-up period at the discretion of the underwriter of this offering. To the extent shares are released before the expiration of the lock-up period and sold into the market, the market price of our ADSs could decline.

Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could have a material adverse effect on the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and the ADSs.

We have conditionally adopted an amended and restated memorandum and articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering. Our post-offering memorandum and articles of association contain provisions to limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. These provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. Our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our shareholders, to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to fix their designations, powers, preferences, privileges and relative participating, optional or special rights and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the rights associated with our ordinary shares, including ordinary shares represented by ADSs. Preferred shares could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue preferred shares, the price of the ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and the ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to direct the voting of the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights attached to the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting, then upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try, as far as is practicable, to vote the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs in accordance with your instructions. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs, unless you cancel the ADSs and withdraw the shares and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting.

When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to withdraw the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and become the registered holder of such ordinary shares to allow you to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our post-offering memorandum and articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to completion of this offering, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and from becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. Where any matter is to be put to a vote at a general meeting, upon our instruction the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. We cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs.

In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are voted and you may have no legal remedy if the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are not voted as you requested. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting.

The depositary for the ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, except in limited circumstances, which could adversely affect your interests.

Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, if you do not vote, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings unless:

•        we have instructed the depositary that we do not wish a discretionary proxy to be given;

•        we have informed the depositary that there is substantial opposition as to a matter to be voted on at the meeting;

•        a matter to be voted on at the meeting may have a material adverse impact on shareholders; or

•        the voting at the meeting is to be made on a show of hands.

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that you cannot prevent our underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs from being voted, except under the circumstances described above. This may adversely affect your interests and make it more difficult for ADS holders to influence the management of our company. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

You may be subject to limitations on transfer of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may close its books from time to time for a number of reasons, including in connection with corporate events such as a rights offering, during which time the depositary needs to maintain an exact number of ADS holders on its books for a specified period. The depositary may also close its books in emergencies, and on weekends and public holidays. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of the ADSs generally when our share register or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary thinks it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

You may experience dilution of your holdings due to inability to participate in rights offerings.

We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not distribute rights to holders of ADSs unless the distribution and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the

decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have the standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records (other than the memorandum and articles of association, the register of mortgages and charges and any special resolutions passed by such companies) or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our post-offering articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to completion of this offering to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of our board of directors or controlling shareholder than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Act of the Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see “Description of Share Capital — Differences in Corporate Law.”

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all of our current operations are conducted in China. In addition, all of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. As a result, your ability to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise may be limited. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, there is uncertainty as to whether you will be able to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant laws of the Cayman Islands and China, see “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities.”

ADSs holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our ordinary shares provides that, subject to the depositary’s right to require a claim to be submitted to arbitration, the federal or state courts in the City of New York have exclusive jurisdiction to hear and determine claims arising under the deposit agreement and in that regard, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws.

If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before investing in the ADSs.

If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us

or the depositary under the deposit agreement, subject to the depositary’s right to require a claim to be submitted to arbitration, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary from our respective obligations to comply with the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. See “Description of American Depositary Shares” for more information.

Your rights to pursue claims against the depositary as a holder of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement.

Under the deposit agreement, any action or proceeding against or involving the depositary, arising out of or based upon the deposit agreement or the transactions contemplated thereby or by virtue of owning the ADSs may only be instituted in a state or federal court in New York, New York, and you, as a holder of our ADSs, will have irrevocably waived any objection which you may have to the laying of venue of any such proceeding, and irrevocably submitted to the exclusive jurisdiction of such courts in any such action or proceeding.

The depositary may, in its sole discretion, require that any dispute or difference arising from the relationship created by the deposit agreement be referred to and finally settled by an arbitration conducted under the terms described in the deposit agreement, although the arbitration provisions do not preclude you from pursuing claims under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act in state or federal courts. See “Description of American Depositary Shares” for more information.

As an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market’s corporate governance requirements.

As a Cayman Islands exempted company listed on the Nasdaq, we are subject to the Nasdaq Stock Market’s corporate governance listing standards, which requires listed companies to have, among other things, a majority of their board members to be independent and independent director oversight of executive compensation and nomination of directors. However, Nasdaq Stock Market’s rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market’s corporate governance listing standards.

We are permitted to elect to rely on home country practice to be exempted from the corporate governance requirements. If we choose to follow home country practice in the future, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they would otherwise enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq Stock Market’s corporate governance listing standards.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including: (i) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K with the SEC; (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; (iii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and (iv) the selective disclosure rules by issuers of material nonpublic information under Regulation FD.

We will be required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be

less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

We are an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. Therefore, we may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting and permission to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such reporting and other requirements, in particular the auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important.

The deposit agreement may be amended or terminated without your consent.

We and the depositary may amend or terminate the deposit agreement without your consent. Such amendment or termination may be done in favor of our company. Holders of the ADSs, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, will receive notice in the event of an amendment that prejudices a substantial existing right or a termination. If you continue to hold your ADSs after an amendment to the deposit agreement, you agree to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended. The deposit agreement may be terminated at any time upon a prior written notice. Upon the termination of the deposit agreement, our company will be discharged from all obligations under the deposit agreement, except for our obligations to the depositary thereunder. See “Description of American Depositary Shares” for more information.

Holders or beneficial owners of the ADSs have limited recourse if we or the depositary fail to meet our respective obligations under the deposit agreement.

The deposit agreement expressly limits the obligations and liability of us and the depositary. For example, the depositary is not liable if any of us or our respective controlling persons or agents are prevented or forbidden from, or subjected to any civil or criminal penalty or restraint on account of, or delayed in, doing or performing any act or thing required by the terms of the deposit agreement and any ADR, by reason of any provision of any present or future law or regulation of the United States or any state thereof, the Cayman Islands or any other country, or of any other governmental authority or regulatory authority or stock exchange, or on account of the possible criminal or civil penalties or restraint, or by reason of any provision, present or future, of our memorandum and articles of association or any provision of or governing any deposited securities, or by reason of any act of God or war or other circumstances beyond its control (including, without limitation, nationalization, expropriation, currency restrictions, work stoppage, strikes, civil unrest, revolutions, rebellions, explosions and computer failure). See “Description of American Depositary Shares” for more information. In addition, the depositary and any of its agents also disclaim any liability for (i) any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, the manner in which any vote is cast or the effect of any vote or failure to determine that any distribution or action may be lawful or reasonably practicable or for allowing any rights to lapse in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement, (ii) the failure or timeliness of any notice from us, the content of any information submitted to it by us for distribution to you or for any inaccuracy of any translation thereof, (iii) any investment risk associated with the acquisition of an interest in the deposited securities, the validity or worth of the deposited securities or the credit-worthiness of any third party, (iv) any tax consequences that may result from ownership of ADSs, ordinary shares or deposited securities, or (v) any acts or omissions made by a successor depositary whether in connection with a previous act or omission of the depositary or in connection with any matter arising wholly after the removal or resignation of the depositary, provided that in connection with the issue out of which such potential liability arises the depositary performed its obligations without gross negligence or willful misconduct while it acted as depositary. These provisions of the deposit agreement will limit the ability of holders or beneficial owners of the ADSs to obtain recourse if we or the depositary fail to meet our respective obligations under the deposit agreement.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS AND INDUSTRY DATA

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of current or historical facts are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under “Risk Factors,” that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

In some cases, you can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “likely to” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, but not limited to, statements about:

•        our goals and strategies;

•        our future business development, financial condition and results of operations;

•        the expected growth of the K-9 digital educational content services market in China;

•        our expectations regarding demand for, and market acceptance of, our services;

•        government policies and regulations relating to our business and industry;

•        our expectations regarding keeping and strengthening our relationships with clients;

•        our expectation regarding the use of proceeds from this offering;

•        general economic and business conditions in China; and

•        assumptions underlying or related to any of the foregoing.

You should read this prospectus and the documents that we refer to in this prospectus thoroughly with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. Other sections of this prospectus include additional factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The forward-looking statements made in this prospectus relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements are made in this prospectus. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You should read this prospectus and the documents that we refer to in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

This prospectus also contains statistical data and estimates that we obtained from industry publications and reports generated by government or third-party providers of market intelligence. Although we have not independently verified the data, we believe that the publications and reports are reliable. However, the statistical data and estimates in these publications and reports are based on a number of assumptions and if any one or more of the assumptions underlying the market data are later found to be incorrect, actual results may differ from the projections based on these assumptions. In addition, due to the rapidly evolving nature of the industry in which we operate, projections or estimates about our business and financial prospects involve significant risks and uncertainties.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that we will receive net proceeds from this offering of approximately US$            million, or approximately US$            million if the underwriter exercises its option to purchase additional ADSs in full, after deducting underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us. These estimates are based upon an assumed initial offering price of US$            per ADS, the midpoint of the estimated range of the initial public offering price shown on the front cover of this prospectus. A US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of US$            per ADS would increase (decrease) the net proceeds of this offering by US$            million, or approximately US$            million if the underwriter exercises its option to purchase additional ADSs in full.

The primary purposes of this offering are to create a public market for our shares for the benefit of all shareholders, retain talented employees by providing them with equity incentives and obtain additional capital. We plan to use the net proceeds of this offering as follows:

•        approximately 50% is expected to be used for product and content development;

•        approximately 20% is expected to be used for sales and marketing and brand promotions;

•        approximately 20% is expected to be used for recruitment of experienced personnel; and

•        approximately 10% is expected to be used for general corporate purposes, and potential strategic investments and acquisitions to strengthen our technological capabilities and overall ecosystem, although we have not identified any specific investments or acquisition opportunities at this time.

If an unforeseen event occurs or business conditions change, we may use the proceeds of this offering differently than as described in this prospectus. In utilizing the proceeds from this offering, we are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our PRC subsidiary only through loans or capital contributions, and to the consolidated VIE only through loans, and only if we satisfy the applicable government registration and approval requirements. We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet these requirements on a timely basis, if at all. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans to our PRC subsidiary and the VIE in China, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

Pending use of the net proceeds, we intend to hold our net proceeds in short-term, interest-bearing, financial instruments or demand deposits.

DIVIDEND POLICY

We have not previously declared or paid any cash dividend or dividend in kind and we have no plan to declare or pay any dividends in the near future on our shares or the ADSs representing our ordinary shares. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We rely principally on dividends from our PRC subsidiary for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. PRC regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiary to pay dividends to us. See “Regulation — Regulations Relating to Foreign Debts, Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution” and “Regulation — Regulations Relating to Taxation”

Our board of directors has discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. If we pay any dividends on our ordinary shares, we will pay those dividends which are payable in respect of the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs to the depositary, as the registered holder of such ordinary shares, and the depositary then will pay such amounts to the ADS holders in proportion to the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs held by such ADS holders, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See “Description of American Depositary Shares.”

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of December 31, 2022:

•        on an actual basis;

•        on a pro forma basis to reflect the conversion of all of our issued and outstanding preferred shares into ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering; and

•        on a pro forma as adjusted basis to reflect (i) the conversion of all of our issued and outstanding preferred shares into ordinary shares on a one-for-one basis immediately prior to the completion of this offering, and (ii) the issuance and sale of            ordinary shares in the form of ADSs by us in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of US$            per ADS, the midpoint of the estimated range of the initial public offering price shown on the front cover of this prospectus, after deducting the underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us, assuming the underwriter does not exercise its option to purchase additional ADSs.

You should read this table together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus and the information under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

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(1)      The pro forma as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only. Our additional paid-in capital, total shareholders’ equity and total capitalization following the completion of this offering are subject to adjustment based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

DILUTION

If you invest in our ADSs, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per ADS and our net tangible book value per ADS after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the initial public offering price per ordinary share is substantially in excess of the book value per ordinary share attributable to the existing shareholders for our presently outstanding ordinary shares.

Our net tangible book value as of December 31, 2022 was approximately US$            million, or US$            per ordinary share on an as-converted basis as of that date and US$            per ADS. Net tangible book value represents the amount of our total consolidated tangible assets, less the amount of our total consolidated liabilities. Dilution is determined by subtracting net tangible book value per ordinary share after giving effect to the additional proceeds we will receive from this offering, from the assumed initial public offering price of US$            per ordinary share, which is the midpoint of the estimated initial public offering price range set forth on the front cover of this prospectus adjusted to reflect the ADS-to-ordinary share ratio, and after deducting underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

Without taking into account any other changes in such net tangible book value after December 31, 2022, other than to give effect to the issuance and sale of             ADSs in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of US$            per ADS, the mid-point of the estimated range of the initial public offering price shown on the front cover of this prospectus, and after deducting underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of December 31, 2022 would have been US$            million, or US$            per ordinary share and US$            per ADS. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of US$            per ordinary share and US$            per ADS to the existing shareholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of US$            per ordinary share and US$            per ADS to investors purchasing ADSs in this offering. The following table illustrates such dilution:

A US$1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed public offering price of US$        per ADS would increase (decrease) our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value after giving effect to this offering as described above by US$            million, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share and per ADS after giving effect to this offering by US$            per ordinary share and US$            per ADS, and the dilution in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share and per ADS to new investors in this offering by US$            per ordinary share and US$            per ADS, respectively, assuming no change to the number of ADSs offered by us as set forth on the front cover of this prospectus, and after deducting underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Our net tangible book value following the completion of this offering is subject to adjustment based on the actual initial public offering price of the ADSs and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

The following table summarizes, on a pro forma as adjusted basis as of December 31, 2022, the differences between the existing shareholders and the new investors with respect to the number of ordinary shares (in the form of ADSs or ordinary shares) purchased from us in this offering, the total consideration paid and the average price per ordinary share paid and per ADS at an assumed initial public offering price of US$        per ADS before deducting underwriting discounts, non-accountable expense allowance and estimated offering expenses payable by us. The total number of ordinary shares does not include ordinary shares underlying the ADSs issuable upon the exercise of the option to purchase additional ADSs which we granted to the underwriter.

The pro forma as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only. Our net tangible book value following the completion of this offering is subject to adjustment based on the actual initial public offering price of our ADSs and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES

We were incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability. We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands because of certain benefits associated with being a Cayman Islands exempted company, such as:

•        political and economic stability;

•        an effective judicial system;

•        a favorable tax system;

•        the absence of exchange control or currency restrictions; and

•        the availability of professional and support services.

However, certain disadvantages accompany incorporation in the Cayman Islands. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws compared to the United States and these securities laws provide significantly less protection to investors as compared to the United States.

Our constitutional documents do not contain provisions requiring that disputes, including those arising under the securities laws of the United States, between us, our officers, directors and shareholders, be arbitrated.

Our operations are conducted outside the United States, and all of our assets are located outside the United States. A majority of our directors and officers are nationals or residents of jurisdictions other than the United States and a substantial portion of their assets are located outside the United States. Mr. Jin Xu, our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, Mr. Jun Jiang, our co-founder, director and chief operating officer, Mr. Feifei Huang, our co-founder, director and chief technology officer, and Mr. Huazhen Xu, our chief financial officer, reside within China for a significant portion of the time and all of them are PRC nationals. As a result, it may be difficult for a shareholder to effect service of process within the United States upon these individuals, or to bring an action against us or these individuals in the United States, or to enforce against us or them judgments obtained in United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

We have appointed Cogency Global Inc., located at 122 East 42nd Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10168, as our agent upon whom process may be served in any action brought against us under the securities laws of the United States.

Campbells, our counsel as to Cayman Islands law, has advised us that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands would (i) recognize or enforce judgments of United States courts obtained against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any state in the United States, or (ii) entertain original actions brought in the Cayman Islands against us or our directors or officers that are predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or the securities laws of any state in the United States.

Campbells has informed us that although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the federal or state courts of the United States (and the Cayman Islands are not a party to any treaties for the reciprocal enforcement or recognition of such judgments), the courts of the Cayman Islands will, at common law, recognize and enforce a foreign monetary judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without any re-examination of the merits of the underlying dispute based on the principle that a judgment of a competent foreign court imposes upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the liquidated sum for which such judgment has been given, provided that such judgment (i) is final and conclusive, (ii) is not in the nature of taxes, a fine, or a penalty; and (iii) was not obtained in a manner and is not of a kind the enforcement of which is contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands. However, the Cayman Islands courts are unlikely to enforce a judgment obtained from the U.S. courts under civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities law if such judgment is determined by the courts of the Cayman Islands to give rise to obligations to make payments that are penal or punitive in nature. A Cayman Islands court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.

CORPORATE HISTORY AND STRUCTURE

Our Corporate History

We are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We commenced our operations in April 2014 through Shanghai Jinxin Network Technology Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Jinxin.

Our holding company, Jinxin Technology Holding Company, was incorporated in the Cayman Islands in August 2015. Shortly after its incorporation, Jinxin Technology Holding Limited established a wholly-owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, NAMIBOX LIMITED (HK). In November 2015, Shanghai Mihe Information Technology Co., Ltd., or Shanghai Mihe, was established in the PRC as a wholly foreign owned enterprise, and was wholly owned by NAMIBOX LIMITED (HK). In September 2018, we gained control over Shanghai Jinxin through Shanghai Mihe by entering into a series of contractual arrangements with Shanghai Jinxin and its shareholders.

In June 2019, Zhongjiao Enshi Education Technology Co., Ltd., or Zhongjiao Enshi, was established in the PRC to conduct our business, of which Shanghai Jinxin is the controlling shareholder. We also established certain wholly-owned subsidiaries of Shanghai Jinxin, including Shanghai Pindu Education Technology Co., Ltd. in October 2020, Shanghai Mouding Education Technology Co., Ltd. in May 2021 and Shanghai Jingche Network Technology Co., Ltd. in October 2022.

As a result of our direct ownership in Shanghai Mihe and the aforementioned contractual arrangements, we are regarded as the primary beneficiary of Shanghai Jinxin, and Shanghai Jinxin is treated as our consolidated affiliated entity under U.S. GAAP. We have consolidated the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We refer to Shanghai Mihe as the WFOE, and to Shanghai Jinxin as the VIE.

Our Corporate Structure

The following diagram shows our corporate structure, including our principal subsidiaries, as of the date of this prospectus.

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Notes:

(1)      Shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin are Mr. Jin Xu, our founder, chairman and chief executive officer, Beijing Tianzhi Dingchuang Investment Center Partnership (Limited Partnership), Tibet Xiangyu Hetai Enterprise Management Co., Ltd., Zhuhai Zhongguan Qianming Venture Capital Partnership (Limited Partnership), Shanghai Yanqiao Investment Center Partnership (Limited Partnership) and Mr. Haitong Zhu, our shareholder, each holding approximately 56.4%, 13.4%, 13.3%, 9.0%, 6.1% and 1.8%, respectively, of Shanghai Jinxin’s equity interests.

(2)      The remaining 48% equity interests in Zhongjiao Enshi Education Technology Co., Ltd. are held by: (i) Shanghai Shijia Information Technology Co., Ltd. as to 30%; (ii) Zhongjiao Le’en Education Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. as to 7%; and (iii) Shanghai Xiyan Enterprise Management Center Partnership (Limited Partnership) as to 11%.

Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and Its Shareholders

Current PRC laws and regulations impose certain restrictions or prohibitions on foreign ownership of companies that engage in radio and television program production and operation business and value-added telecommunication business. We are a company registered in the Cayman Islands. Our PRC subsidiary, Shanghai Mihe, is considered a foreign-invested enterprise. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we primarily conduct our business in China through Shanghai Jinxin, the VIE, and its subsidiaries, based on a series of contractual arrangements.

These contractual arrangements enable us to (i) be considered as the primary beneficiary of the VIE for accounting purposes and consolidate the financial results of the VIE, (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of the VIE, and (iii) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in the VIE when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we have become the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and, therefore, have consolidated the financial results of the VIE in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The following is a summary of the contractual arrangements by and among Shanghai Mihe, Shanghai Jinxin, and the shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin.

•        Exclusive Technology and Consulting Service Agreement

Pursuant to the Exclusive Technology and Consulting Service Agreement, Shanghai Jinxin is obliged to pay service fee to Shanghai Mihe for the exclusive services such as technical services, Internet support, business consulting, marketing consulting, system integration, product development and system maintenance. The service fee shall consist of 100% of the profit before tax of Shanghai Jinxin, after the deduction of all costs, expenses, taxes and other fee required under PRC laws and regulations. Shanghai Jinxin agrees not to accept the same or any similar services provided by any third party and shall not establish cooperation relationships similar to that formed by the exclusive technology and consulting service agreements with any third party. Shanghai Mihe shall have exclusive proprietary rights to and interests in any and all intellectual property rights developed or created by itself and Shanghai Jinxin. The Exclusive Technology and Consulting Service Agreement shall remain effective unless terminated (i) by Shanghai Mihe with prior written notice in accordance with the provisions of the Exclusive Technology and Consulting Service Agreement; or (ii) upon the expiration of the operation period of Shanghai Jinxin pursuant to PRC laws and regulations.

•        Exclusive Option Agreement

Pursuant to the Exclusive Option Agreement, the shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin have unconditionally and irrevocably granted Shanghai Mihe or its designated purchaser the right to purchase all or part of their equity interests in Shanghai Jinxin (“Equity Option”). The purchase price payable by Shanghai Mihe in respect of the transfer of equity interests upon exercise of the Equity Option shall be RMB1.0 or equal to the lowest price permissible by the then-applicable PRC laws and regulations. Shanghai Mihe or its designated purchaser shall have the right to purchase such proportion of equity interests in Shanghai Jinxin as it decides at any time. In addition, Shanghai Jinxin also unconditionally and irrevocably granted an exclusive option to Shanghai Mihe or its designated person to purchase all or any of its assets at a purchase price of the lowest price permitted under PRC laws and regulations. Shanghai Mihe shall have absolute discretion as to when and in what manner to exercise the option to purchase assets of Shanghai Jinxin permitted by PRC laws and regulations. In the event of such purchase, Shanghai Mihe or its designated person will enter into an asset transfer agreement with Shanghai Jinxin to set out detailed arrangements.

The Exclusive Option Agreement shall remain effective unless terminated (i) in accordance with the provisions of the Exclusive Option Agreement or any other supplemental agreements; or (ii) the entire equity interests held by the shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin in Shanghai Jinxin have been transferred to Shanghai Mihe or its designated person.

•        Powers of Attorneys

Pursuant to the Powers of Attorneys, each of the shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin irrevocably authorized Shanghai Mihe or its designee(s) to act on their respective behalf as proxy attorney, to the extent permitted by law, to exercise all rights of shareholders concerning all the equity interest held by each of them in Shanghai Jinxin, including but not

limited to proposing to convene or attend shareholder meetings, signing resolutions and minutes of such meetings, exercising all the rights as shareholders in such meeting (including but not limited to voting rights, nomination rights and appointment rights), the right to receive dividends and the right to sell, transfer, pledge or dispose of all the equity held in part or in whole, and exercising all other rights as shareholders. The Powers of Attorneys will remain irrevocable and effective during the period that the shareholder remains his/her/its shareholding.

•        Equity Pledge Agreements

Pursuant to the Equity Pledge Agreements, each of the shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin unconditionally and irrevocably pledged and granted first priority security interests over all of his/her/its equity interests in Shanghai Jinxin together with all related rights thereto to Shanghai Mihe as security for performance of the contractual arrangements and all direct, indirect or consequential damages and foreseeable loss of interest incurred by Shanghai Mihe as a result of any event of default on the part of the shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin, Shanghai Jinxin and all expenses incurred by Shanghai Mihe as a result of enforcement of the obligations of the shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin and/or Shanghai Jinxin under the contractual arrangements. Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default (as defined in the Equity Pledge Agreements), Shanghai Mihe shall have the right to (i) require the shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin to immediately pay any amount payable under the contractual arrangements; or (ii) to purchase, auction or sell all or part of the pledged equity interests in Shanghai Jinxin and will have priority in receiving the proceeds from such disposal.

The said equity pledge under the Equity Pledge Agreements takes effect upon the completion of registration with relevant administrative department of industry and commerce and shall remain valid until after all the contractual obligations of the shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin and Shanghai Jinxin under the relevant contractual arrangements have been fully performed and all the outstanding debts of the shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin and/or Shanghai Jinxin under the relevant contractual arrangements have been fully paid.

•        Business Operation Agreement

Pursuant to the Business Operation Agreement, the shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin and Shanghai Jinxin have jointly and severally further undertaken to Shanghai Mihe that, without the prior written consent of Shanghai Mihe, Shanghai Jinxin shall not engage in any transactions or actions that may have substantial adverse impact on its assets, business, staff, obligations, rights or results of operations. The shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin have agreed to accept, and strictly follow, the advice and instructions from Shanghai Mihe on the appointment and dismissal of relevant staff, the daily operation and management, and the financial management policies, among other things, from time to time. If the cash of Shanghai Jinxin is not enough to pay its debt, Shanghai Mihe is liable to pay the debt; if the loss of Shanghai Jinxin leads to a net asset balance of less than the its registered capital, Shanghai Mihe shall be liable to make up for the deficiency; if one party lacks the necessary working capital to maintain its daily business operations, it may request the other party to provide short-term interest-free loans.

•        Spouse Consents

Pursuant to the Spouse Consents, the respective spouse of the Individual Shareholders of Shanghai Jinxin has irrevocably undertaken that, including without limitation to, the spouse (i) has full knowledge of and has consented to the entering into of the contractual arrangements by the relevant Individual Registered Shareholder; (ii) undertakes to execute all documents and take all actions necessary to ensure the proper performance of the contractual arrangements (as amended from time to time); and (iii) undertakes that if he/she acquires any equity interest in Shanghai Jinxin held by his/her spouse, he/she shall be bound by the existing contractual arrangements, and upon request by Shanghai Mihe, will enter into the substantially similar contractual arrangements.

In the opinion of our PRC legal counsel, DeHeng Law Offices

•        the contractual structures of the VIE and the WFOE in China, both currently and immediately after giving effect to this offering, do not and will not violate any applicable PRC laws, regulations, or rules currently in effect; and

•        each agreement among the WFOE, the VIE and the VIE’s shareholders is legal, valid, binding and enforceable upon each party to such arrangements in accordance with its terms and applicable PRC laws, regulations and rules currently in effect, and both currently and immediately after giving effect to the offering, do not and will not violate any applicable PRC laws, regulations, or rules currently in effect.

However, these contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership. Our PRC legal counsel has also advised us that, given that the relevant PRC laws and regulations may be amended from time to time, and that the relevant PRC authorities may update their interpretation from time to time, there may be changes from time to time regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations. Accordingly, the PRC regulatory authorities may ultimately take a view contrary to or otherwise different from the opinion of our PRC legal counsel. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or regulations relating to variable interest entity structures will be adopted or if adopted, what they would provide.

If we or the VIE or its subsidiaries are found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, or fail to obtain or maintain any of the required permits or approvals, the relevant PRC regulatory authorities would have broad discretion to take action in dealing with such violations or failures. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure — The interpretation and implementation of the Foreign Investment Law are still evolving and substantial uncertainty exists with respect to how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.”

SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

The following consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, consolidated balance sheets data as of December 31, 2021 and 2022, and consolidated statements of cash flow data for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results expected for future periods. You should read this Selected Consolidated Financial and Operating Data section together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this prospectus.

The following table sets forth our selected consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income for the periods presented, both in absolute amount and as a percentage of the total revenues for the years presented.